Physiological Researches on Life and DeathBichat, Xavier
Science
Physiological Researches on Life and Death
Bichat, Xavier
Death (Biology); Life (Biology)
An inert, impalpable powder, suspended in water, immediately
produces death, if injected into the jugular vein, because it shuts
up the last divisions of the pulmonary artery.
If the injected substances are not divided at first in the blood,
so as to spread uniformly into the different branches, death does
not take place so quickly, because a part of the sanguineous
canals remains free for the circulation. This is the case when we
inject quicksilver or air in so small a quantity as not to produce
instantaneous death. The congestion, in this last case, is often
alone sufficient to produce it after a certain time; in the other
case, there is added to the obstruction a real pneumonia caused by
the presence of quicksilver in the obliterated vessels. We shall
now relate four experiments of M. Gaspard, which will show the
effects of the stagnation of this fluid in different organs.
“_First Experiment._ I introduced into the jugular vein of a small
dog, four days old, thirty six grains of quicksilver purified
through goat’s skin. Soon after he refused to suck, lost his
vivacity, motility and heat, had dyspnoea and fever, and died at
the end of twenty four hours, having been all the time much colder
to the touch than the other pups with whom he was. On opening the
thorax, the lungs were found much inflamed, almost hepatized,
heavy, puckered up and full of mercury.”
“_Second Experiment._ I injected into the left carotid artery of a
sheep, very near the brain, half an ounce of mercury with water;
I then tied with a double ligature the open vessel. The animal
immediately manifested pain, and was for an instant immoveable, the
head inclined, with stupor and a prominence of the eyes, which were
extraordinarily open; then bending on the fore legs, twisting of
the head and neck on the right shoulder, with a kind of stiffness
or convulsive elasticity, which was always present till death, and
returned, as by the effect of a spring, when I straightened the
neck. Two hours after, standing impossible, state of drowsiness,
some convulsive motions of the limbs, the left eye swelled, red and
inflamed. The next day, the same state, almost total annihilation
of the animal or external life, copious excretion of mucus by the
left nostril, the eye still very large and inflamed. The third day,
the same state; death took place fifty hours after the injection.
On examination of the body it was found that the left eye was in a
state of suppuration and contained mercury; the thyroid, pharyngeal
auricular, lingual, labial, nasal and cerebral arteries of the
left side, were admirably injected with this metal which run out
under the instrument; but their capillary terminations contained
none of it, and we could see to what ramification, to what sized
caliber it had penetrated, and the point where it was unable to
pass; the left nasal cavities exhibited a very pretty reticulated
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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