“Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you.” Lev., XIX, 28. * * * “Though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair.” Jer., IV. 30. ARTIFICIAL OBJECTS. The objects of this character, on which pictographs are found, may be mentioned as follows: 1. Lances. 2. Arrows. 3. Shields. 4. Canoes. 5. Paddles. 6. Habitations. 7. Utensils. 8. Pottery. 9. Sinews or thread. 10. Artificial beads. It is believed that examples showing the use of each of these objects are presented in various parts of the present paper, but the following do not appear under other headings: Many of the California tribes are expert workers in grass and roots in the manufacture of baskets, upon which designs are frequently worked, other than mere ornamentation, in geometric forms. The Yokuts, at Tule River Agency, in the southeastern part of the State, frequently incorporate various forms of the human body, in which the arms are suspended at the sides of the body with the hands directed outward to either side. Above the head is a heavy horizontal line. In the manufacture of these vessels grass is taken, carefully cleaned, and soaked, so as to become smooth and uniform in size. Among the Thlinkit, boats as well as paddles are ornamented with painted figures, and the family coat of arms. See Bancroft’s Native Races, etc., I, 106. There is no need to give evidence concerning the designs upon pottery, after the numerous illustrations in the Second Annual Report of this Bureau, from Zuñi, etc. MNEMONIC. This has been the most apparent, and probably the most ancient, purpose for which pictographs have been made. It commenced by the use of material objects which afterwards were reproduced graphically in paintings, etchings, and carvings. In the present paper many examples appear of objects known to have been so used, the graphic representations of which, made with the same purpose, are explained by knowledge of the fact. Other instances are mentioned as connected with the evolution of pictographs, and possibly to interpret some of the latter which are not yet understood. The quipu of the Peruvians is one of the most instructive devices for the general aid of memory, and as applicable to a variety of subjects, also having value for comparison with and reference to all other objects of this character. A good account of the quipu, quoted from Travels in Peru, during the years 1838-1842, * * by Dr. J. J. von Tschudi [Wiley and Putnam’s Library, Vols. XCIII-XCIV.], New York, 1847, Pt. II, pp. 344, 345, is as follows: THE QUIPU OF THE PERUVIANS.