The earth lodge at the end of the chart denotes the village of the Hañ[k]a uta¢a^n[t][s]i, who were a very warlike people. Buffalo skulls were on the tops of the lodges, and the bones of the animals on which they subsisted, whitened on the ground. The very air was rendered offensive by the decaying bodies and offal. The Hañ[k]a uta¢a^n[t][s]i made a treaty of peace with the Wa[c]ace and Tsi[c]u gentes, and from the union of the three resulted the present nation of the Osages. The Bald Eagle account of the tradition begins very abruptly. The stars were approached thus: Ha^n[p]a[t]a^n-Wakan[t]a (sun), Watse [t]u[k]a (morning star), Wa[p]aha (Great Dipper), Tapa (Pleiades), Mikak’e-ha^n-[p]a[t]a^n (Day Star). This version gives what is wanting in the other, the meeting of other gentes, Hañkā [c]iñ[k]a, Wa[c]a[c]e, Hañ[k]a-uta¢a^n[t][s]i, etc., and the decisions of the chief of the Hañ[k]a-uta¢a^n[t][s]i. The people on the war side had similar adventures, but the accurate account has not yet been obtained. The whole of the chart was used mnemonically. Parts of it, such as the four heavens and ladders, were tattooed on the throat and chest of the old men belonging to the order.” TREATIES. The most familiar example of the recording of treaties is the employment of wampum belts for that purpose. An authority on the subject says: “The wampum belts given to Sir William Johnson, of immortal Indian memory, were in several rows, black on each side, and white in the middle; the white being placed in the center was to express peace, and that the path between them was fair and open. In the center of the belt was a figure of a diamond made of white wampum, which the Indians call the council fire.” See Voyages and Travels of an Indian interpreter and trader, etc., by J. Long, London, 1791, p. 47. [Illustration: BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. V PENN WAMPUM BELT.] More minute statements regarding wampum is made superfluous after its full discussion by Mr. W. H. Holmes in his work, “Art in Shell of the ancient Americans,” in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pages 253 _et seq._ One of his illustrations specially in point for the present purpose is here reproduced in Plate V. His remarks upon it are as follows: