11. The periodical festivals of the Romans were celebrated with theatrical entertainments and sports in the circus at the public expense. The most remarkable of these festivals was the secular, which occurred only at periods of one hundred and ten years. The others occurred annually, and were named from the gods to whose honour they were dedicated. 12. The Romans were a more grave and domestic people than the lively Greeks; their favourite dress, the toga or gown, was more formal and stately than the Grecian short cloak; their demeanour was more stern, and their manners more imposing. The great object of the old Roman was, to maintain his dignity under all circumstances, and to show that he could controul the emotions to which ordinary men too readily yield. Excessive joy or grief, unqualified admiration, or intense surprise, were deemed disgraceful; and even at a funeral, the duty of lamenting the deceased was entrusted to hired mourners. Temperance at meals was a leading feature in the character of the Romans during the early ages of the republic; but after the conquest of Asia, their luxuries were more extravagant than those of any nation recorded in history. But there was more extravagance than refinement in the Roman luxury; and though immense sums were lavished on entertainments, they were destitute of that taste and elegance more delightful than the most costly delicacies. 13. The Roman ladies, enjoyed more freedom than those in any other, ancient nation. They visited all places of public amusement uncontrolled, and mingled in general society. The power of the husband, however, was absolute, and he could divorce his wife at pleasure without assigning any cause. In the early ages of the republic this privilege was rarely exercised, and the Roman ladies were strictly virtuous; but at a later period divorces were multiplied, and the most shocking depravity was the consequence. _Questions for Examination_. 1. What were the national amusements of the Romans? 2. What were the naumachiae? 3. Whence arose the custom of gladiatorial combats? 4. Why were these exhibitions of frequent occurrence? 5. How was the supply of gladiators kept up? 6. From what circumstances do we learn the great numbers of the gladiators? 7. What names were given to the gladiators? 8. How were these combats terminated? 9. What pieces were exhibited on the Roman stage? 10. How did the dramatic entertainments in Rome differ from those of modern times? 11. Which were the most remarkable Roman festivals? 12. What was the general character of the Roman people? 13. How were women treated in Rome? FOOTNOTES: [1] Hence the mask was called _persona_, from _personare_, to sound through. From _persona_ the English word _person_ is derived, which properly signifies not so much an individual, as the aspect of that individual in relation to civil society. * * * * * CHAPTER X.