Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 39526-h.htm or 39526-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39526/39526-h/39526-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39526/39526-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. Transcriber's note: Text in italics has been surrounded with underscores (_italics_). [Illustration: C. Darwin] PIONEERS OF EVOLUTION FROM THALES TO HUXLEY With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement by EDWARD CLODD President of the Folk-Lore Society Author of the Childhood of the World, The Story of Creation, The Story of Primitive Man, etc. With Portraits New York D. Appleton and Company 1897 Copyright, 1897, by D. Appleton and Company. To MY BELOVED A. A. L. WHOSE FELLOWSHIP AND HELP HAVE SWEETENED LIFE. PREFACE. This book needs only brief introduction. It attempts to tell the story of the origin of the Evolution idea in Ionia, and, after long arrest, of the revival of that idea in modern times, when its profound and permanent influence on thought in all directions, and, therefore, on human relations and conduct, is apparent. Between birth and revival there were the centuries of suspended animation, when the nepenthe of dogma drugged the reason; the Church teaching, and the laity mechanically accepting, the sufficiency of the Scriptures and of the General Councils to decide on matters which lie outside the domain of both. Hence the necessity for particularizing the causes which actively arrested advance in knowledge for sixteen hundred years. In indicating the parts severally played in the Renascence of Evolution by a small group of illustrious men, the writer, through the courtesy of Mr. Herbert Spencer, has been permitted to see the original documents which show that the theory of Evolution as a whole; i. e., as dealing with the non-living, as well as with the living, contents of the Universe, was formulated by Mr. Spencer in the year preceding the publication of the Origin of Species. ROSEMONT, TUFNELL PARK, LONDON, N., _14th December, 1896_. CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE PIONEERS OF EVOLUTION FROM THALES TO LUCRETIUS--B. C. 600-A. D. 50 1 PART II. THE ARREST OF INQUIRY--A. D. 50-A. D. 1600. 1. FROM THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD TO THE TIME OF AUGUSTINE--A. D. 50-A. D. 400 37 2. FROM AUGUSTINE TO LORD BACON--A. D. 400-A. D. 1600 73 PART III. THE RENASCENCE OF SCIENCE--A. D. 1600 ONWARD 99 PART IV. MODERN EVOLUTION-- 1. DARWIN AND WALLACE 126