Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Greg Bergquist and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Transcriber's Note The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected. There are several mathematical formulas within the text. They are represented as follows: Superscripts: x^3 Subscripts: x_3 Square Root: [square root] Greek Letters: [pi], [theta]. Greek star names are represented as [alpha], [gamma], for example. PIONEERS OF SCIENCE [Illustration] [Illustration: NEWTON _From the picture by Kneller, 1689, now at Cambridge_] PIONEERS OF SCIENCE BY OLIVER LODGE, F.R.S. PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS IN VICTORIA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL _WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS_ London MACMILLAN AND CO. AND NEW YORK 1893 RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY. PREFACE This book takes its origin in a course of lectures on the history and progress of Astronomy arranged for me in the year 1887 by three of my colleagues (A.C.B., J.M., G.H.R.), one of whom gave the course its name. The lectures having been found interesting, it was natural to write them out in full and publish. If I may claim for them any merit, I should say it consists in their simple statement and explanation of scientific facts and laws. The biographical details are compiled from all readily available sources, there is no novelty or originality about them; though it is hoped that there may be some vividness. I have simply tried to present a living figure of each Pioneer in turn, and to trace his influence on the progress of thought. I am indebted to many biographers and writers, among others to Mr. E.J.C. Morton, whose excellent set of lives published by the S.P.C.K. saved me much trouble in the early part of the course. As we approach recent times the subject grows more complex, and the men more nearly contemporaries; hence the biographical aspect diminishes and the scientific treatment becomes fuller, but in no case has it been allowed to become technical and generally unreadable. To the friends (C.C.C., F.W.H.M., E.F.R.) who with great kindness have revised the proofs, and have indicated places where the facts could be made more readily intelligible by a clearer statement, I express my genuine gratitude. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL, _November, 1892_. CONTENTS _PART I_ LECTURE I PAGE COPERNICUS AND THE MOTION OF THE EARTH 2 LECTURE II TYCHO BRAHÉ AND THE EARLIEST OBSERVATORY 32 LECTURE III KEPLER AND THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION 56 LECTURE IV GALILEO AND THE INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE 80 LECTURE V GALILEO AND THE INQUISITION 108 LECTURE VI