(24) Most of the Rabbis believed with Rabban Gamaliel that the study of the _Torah_ without employment brings transgression (chapter II, 2). Consequently, each invariably followed some vocation. Hillel, the senior, gained his livelihood as a wood-chopper; Shammai was a builder; R. Joshua, a blacksmith; R. Chanina, a shoemaker; R. Huna, a water-carrier; R. Abba, a tailor; R. Pappa, a brewer, etc. Other Rabbis whose names indicate their trades, as R. Jochanan ha-Sandalar (lived about 150 C.E.), were Isaac Nappacha (the smith) and R. Abin Naggara (the carpenter). Many were merchants and others agriculturists. Generally, the Rabbi studied during two-thirds of the day, and worked at his trade during the remainder. Those engaged in agriculture would study in the winter and till the soil in the summer. Consult Franz Delitzch, _Jewish Artisan Life in the Time of Christ_; and S. Meyer, _Arbeit und Handwerk im Talmud_, Berlin, 1878. 15. R. Eleazer, the son of Shammua (25), said, "Let the honor of thy disciple be as dear to thee as thine own, and the honor of thine associate be like the fear of thy master, and the fear of thy master like the fear of Heaven." (25) He lived about 150 C.E. 16. R. Judah (26) said, "Be cautious in study, for an error in study may amount to presumptuous sin" (27). (26) R. Judah ben Ilai lived about 140 C.E. (27) Cf. Chapter III, 10. 17. R. Simeon (28) said, "There are three crowns: the crown of _Torah_, the crown of priesthood, and the crown of royalty; but the crown of a good name excels them all." (28) On R. Simeon ben Yochai, see chapter III, n. 12. 18. R. Nehorai (29) said, "Betake thyself to a home of the _Torah_ (30), and say not that the _Torah_ will come after thee; for there thy associates will establish thee in the possession of it; and lean not upon thine own understanding" (31). (29) He lived about 130 C.E. (30) If there is no teacher where you live. (31) Prov. III, 5. 19. R. Jannia said, "It is not in our power (to explain) either the prosperity of the wicked or the afflictions of the righteous." 20. R. Mattithiah, the son of Heresh (32), said, "Be beforehand in the salutation of peace to all men; and be rather a tail to lions than a head to foxes" (33). (32) He lived about 120 C.E. in Rome. (33) It is better to be a pupil of great teachers than to be a teacher of worthless pupils (Maimonides). It is better to follow those who are greater than to lead those who are inferior.