(15) A _Baraita_ contains traditions and opinions of authorities of the _Mishnah_ which are not embodied in the _Mishnah_ or Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi. See Mielziner, _Introduction to the Talmud_, pp. 20-21, Strack, _Einleitung in den Talmud_, p. 3, and the _Jewish Encyclopedia_, _s.v._ A _gemara_ (Talmudical commentary) to the _Baraita de-Abot_ was published from a MS. by Coronel in _Chamishah Kuntresin_ (Vienna, 1864). This _baraita_ is found also in the seventeenth chapter of _Tanna de-Be Eliyahu Sutta_, but with different textual readings. See Ginzberg, in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_, II, pp. 516-517. (16) Known thus because Rabbi Meir's name is found in the first verse. (17) See next section. The sixth chapter is found in some editions of the _Mishnah_. ABOT IN THE LITURGY (18) (18) On the subject-matter of this section, see the citation from the Sar Shalom Gaon, in the _Siddur_ of R. Amram, 30a; _Midrash Shemual_, pp. 3-4; Zunz, _Die Ritus_, pp. 85-86; Strack, _Die Spruche der Vater_, p. 5, and _Siddur_, ed. Baer, p. 271, note. Other portions of the _Mishnah_ and also of the _Talmud_ that are included in the liturgy are, in the morning service, _Zebachim_ V (_Siddur_, ed. Singer, p. 11); in the evening service for the Sabbath, _Sabbat_, II (pp. 120-122), and, from the _Talmud_, end of _Berachot_ (p. 122); in the additional service for Sabbath and festivals, from the _Talmud Keritot_, 6a, from the _Mishnah_, end of _Tamid_, and from the _Talmud_, end of _Berachot_ (pp. 167-168). As Taylor has said, "Its simplicity and intrinsic excellence have secured for _Abot_ a widespread and lasting popularity, and have led to its being excerpted from the _Talmud_ and used liturgically in the Synagogue, at certain seasons, from an early period" (19). Thus, the _Abot_ is found not only in all editions of the _Mishnah_ and the _Talmud_, but also in the prayer-books of the Ashkenazic rite (20). The practice of reading a chapter from _Abot_, on Saturday, after the afternoon prayer (_Minchah_), originated as early as Gaonic times (seventh to eleventh centuries). During the middle of the ninth century, _Abot_ and its _Baraita_ were thus liturgically used. In Spanish communities it was recited in the morning of the Sabbath, and not in the afternoon. By the eleventh century, this custom was universally a part of the synagogal service. (19) Taylor, _loc. cit._ (20) German and Polish.