The manager on the bench must know just when to change pitchers. He has to decide the exact time to send in a substitute hitter, when to install another base runner. All these decisions must be made in the "batting" of an eye. It takes quick and accurate judgment, and the successful manager must be right usually. That's playing the game from the bench. VI Coaching Good and Bad _Coaching is Divided into Three Parts: Offensive, Defensive, and the Use of Crowds to Rattle Players--Why McGraw Developed Scientific Coaching--The Important Role a Coacher Plays in the Crisis of a Big League Ball Game when, on his Orders, Hangs Victory or Defeat._ Critical moments occur in every close ball game, when coaching may win or lose it. "That wasn't the stage for you to try to score," yelled John McGraw, the manager of the Giants, at "Josh" Devore, as the New York left-fielder attempted to count from second base on a short hit to left field, with no one out and the team one run behind in a game with the Pirates one day in 1911, when every contest might mean the winning or losing of the pennant. "First time in my life I was ever thrown out trying to score from second on a base hit to the outfield," answered Devore, "and besides the coacher sent me in." "I don't care," replied McGraw, "that was a two out play." As a matter of fact, one of the younger players on the team was coaching at third base at the time and made an error of judgment in sending Devore home, of which an older head would not have been guilty. And the Pirates beat us by just that one run the coacher sacrificed. The next batter came through with an outfield fly which would have scored Devore from third base easily. Probably no more wily general ever crouched on the coaching line at third base than John McGraw. His judgment in holding runners or urging them on to score is almost uncanny. Governed by no set rules himself, he has formulated a list of regulations for his players which might be called the "McGraw Coaching Curriculum." He has favorite expressions, such as "there are stages" and "that was a two out play," which mean certain chances are to be taken by a coacher at one point in a contest, while to attempt such a play under other circumstances would be nothing short of foolhardy.