Plague: Its Cause and the Manner of its Extension, Its Menace, Its Control and Suppression, Its Diagnosis and TreatmentJackson, Thomas Wright
History
Plague: Its Cause and the Manner of its Extension, Its Menace, Its Control and Suppression, Its Diagnosis and Treatment
Jackson, Thomas Wright
Plague; Rats as carriers of disease
Three days after the death of animal 5, guinea-pigs 6 and 7
were found dead of plague, while the next day guinea-pigs 8
and 9 died. No death occurred on September 7, but the next
two days each recorded two plague guinea-pigs (10, 11, 12,
and 13). On September 11, the last guinea-pig died of plague
in this outbreak. The whole building was then thoroughly
disinfected. No plague-inoculated animals were kept in the
rooms after the first sign of the epidemic. After September
11, no more cases of spontaneous plague infection were
observed.
[Illustration: ANIMAL HOUSE]
It will be noticed that the epidemic lasted eleven days
after the first animal died and fourteen days after animal 1
was inoculated. Altogether, 14 animals out of at least 200
animals exposed died of plague.
No death occurred among rabbits, although these animals were
distributed among the guinea-pigs. In fact, 2 rabbits were
surrounded by plague guinea-pigs 8, 9, and 10, but did not
contract plague.
From the epidemiological standpoint it is interesting to know
the dimensions and location of the cages in which the animals
were kept.
Aside from the 2 rats which were confined in ordinary traps
that stood on a table 80 centimetres high, the rest of the
animals were kept in regular metal animal cages. The
dimensions of the cages are: Fifty centimetres long, 36
centimetres broad, and 30 centimetres high. The cage stands
on four legs each 10 centimetres long; the centre of the
bottom of the cage holds a drain opening 8 centimetres above
the floor.
The majority of the cages in room II were located on the
floor; some on the second shelf of a wooden rack. This
last-mentioned arrangement, judging from the construction of
the wooden frame, allowed a continuous passageway for the
fleas to the second shelf of the racks. On the other hand,
the deaths among the guinea-pigs in room V were restricted to
the cages standing on the floor, the majority of cages in
that room being placed on tables 80 centimetres high.
Only a theoretical explanation can be given of the short
duration and sudden cessation of the outbreak. One can assume
with great probability that the first partial disinfection
drove the fleas away from the primary source of infection,
and that they traveled as far as possible. They finally
settled in those guinea-pig cages which had not been molested
by the first disinfection. Having no new supply of plague
blood (all of the plague-infected guinea-pigs having been
removed, most of them before death), the fleas soon cleared
themselves of plague bacilli. The peculiar feature of the
outbreak, namely, the failure to find fleas on the animals in
rooms II and V, finds its explanation in the observation of
the Indian Commission who found that the fleas "died or
disappeared very rapidly."
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