Sard, William H. Sargent, George M. Scott, John W. Scully, Arthur B. Sears, Richard W. Seipp, Philip W. Selz, J. Harry Shaffer, John C. Shaffner, Joseph Shedd, Edward A. Shedd, John G. Shirk, Elbert W. Simpson, James Skinner, Edward M. Smith, Byron L. Smith, Mrs. George T. Smith, Orson Smith, Walter B. Soper, James P. Spoor, John A. Sprague, Albert A. Sprague, Otho S. A. Starring, Mason B. Stevens, Charles A. Stillwell, Homer A. Strobel, Charles L. Stumer, Louis M. Sullivan, Roger C. Sunny, Bernard E. Swift, Charles H. Swift, Edward F. Swift, George B. Swift, Louis F. Theurer, Joseph Thoman, Leroy D. Thomas, Benjamin Thompson, John R. Thompson, William M. Thorne, Charles H. Thorne, George R. Tilden, Edward Tilt, Joseph E. Turner, Edward A. Uhrlaub, Adolph Uihlein, Edgar J. Upham, Frederic W. Van Valkenburg, William Viles, James, Jr. Wacker, Charles H. Walker, Henry H. Wallace, John F. Ward, A. Montgomery Warner, Ezra J. Warren, William S. Watson, J. V. Watson, William J. Wells, Addison E. Wells, M. D. Company Wheeler, Arthur D. Wheeler, Charles P. Wheeler, Harry A. Wilder, John E. Wilder, T. Edward Willard, Daniel Willing, Mark S. Willits, Ward W. Wilmarth, Mrs. Mary J. Wilson, John P. Wilson, Walter H. Winchell, Benjamin L. Winston, Frederick S. Winston, Payne, Strawn & Shaw Wolff, L. Manufacturing Company Wrenn, John H. Young, Charles O. PLAN OF CHICAGO [Illustration: II. WOOD-CUT OF CHICAGO IN 1834.] PLAN OF CHICAGO CHAPTER I ORIGIN OF THE PLAN OF CHICAGO: THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OF 1893 AND ITS RESULTS: THE SPIRIT OF CHICAGO The tendency of mankind to congregate in cities is a marked characteristic of modern times. This movement is confined to no one country, but is world-wide. Each year Rome, and the cities of the Orient, as well as Berlin, New York, and Chicago, are adding to their population at an unprecedented rate. Coincident with this urban development there has been a widespread increase in wealth, and also an enlarged participation on the part of the people in the work of government. As a natural result of these causes has come the desire to better the conditions of living. Men are becoming convinced that the formless growth of the city is neither economical nor satisfactory; and that overcrowding and congestion of traffic paralyze the vital functions of the city. The complicated problems which the great city develops are now seen not to be beyond the control of aroused public sentiment; and practical men of affairs are turning their attention to working out the means whereby the city may be made an efficient instrument for providing all its people with the best possible conditions of living.