this idea is now seen to be the highest aim of the city-builder. Each city differs from every other city in its physical characteristics and in the nature of its opportunities, so that the development of every city must be along individual lines. This very fact allows full scope for the development of that peculiar charm which, wherever discovered and developed irresistibly draws to that city people of discrimination and taste, and at the same time begets a spirit of loyalty and satisfaction on the part of the citizens. It is not to be expected that the people of Chicago will stand still while the movement for better civic conditions is sweeping over the whole civilized world; or that the stirrings of the new impulse that have begun among this people will be suffered to die out, without accomplishing the possibilities so abundantly offered to make this city pre-eminent among commercial cities. The experience of other cities both ancient and modern, both abroad and at home, teaches Chicago that the way to true greatness and continued prosperity lies in making the city convenient and healthful for the ever-increasing numbers of its citizens; that civic beauty satisfies a craving of human nature so deep and so compelling that people will travel far to find and enjoy it; that the orderly arrangement of fine buildings and monuments brings fame and wealth to the city; and that the cities which truly exercise dominion rule by reason of their appeal to the higher emotions of the human mind. The problem for Chicago, therefore, resolves itself into making the best use of a situation, the central location and resources of which have already drawn together millions of people, and are clearly destined to assemble many times that number; and planning for that civic development which promotes present content and insures permanence. [Illustration: XXXIII. FLORENCE, ITALY. This silhouette of towers is characteristic of Italian towns in the Middle Ages. From La Toscane.] FOOTNOTES: [2] Ancient Rome, Chap. IV. [3] Church Building in the Middle Ages. [4] Baron Haussmann and the Topographical Transformation of Paris; by Edward R. Smith, Reference Librarian, Avery Architectural Library, Columbia University. The Architectural Record, 1907. [5] A reasonable estimate, for the single year 1907, of the gold imported into France by travelers, to be spent in hotels, transportation, amusements, and purchases, is $600,000,000, a sum equal to the highest gold reserve of the Bank of France. Americans commonly exaggerate both their numbers and their expenditures in France; but one-fifth of this sum ($120,000,000) may safely be set down as their share.—_French Finance, by Stoddard Dewey, Atlantic Monthly, August, 1908._ [6] German City Planning; by Cornelius Gurlitt. Translated for the Metropolitan Improvements Commission of Boston, by Sylvester Baxter.