With _cattle_ there is ptyalism, cessation of digestion, bloating, constipation, weakness and stupor. Pregnant cows have been observed to abort; the milk of cows has an unpleasant flavour. There are bloody evacuations in some instances in the case of the ox. In cows Chesnut says that there was “loss of appetite, salivation, bloating, much bodily pain, loss of muscular power, and rapid, feeble pulse.” In _sheep_ the abdomen is tucked up, the animal has a dazed appearance, there is dilatation of pupils, unsteady gait, the hind limbs being dragged, coldness, and death after a few convulsive movements. In the _pig_ there is prostration and inability to move, coldness, slow breathing, livid mucous membranes, imperceptible pulse, paralysis, particularly of the posterior members, and no convulsions. REFERENCES. 4, 16, 52, 53, 73, 81, 82, 91, 128, 141, 161, 203, 205, 213, 238. CHAPTER IV ARALIACEÆ. =Ivy= (_Hedera Helix_ L.). The berries of the Ivy are said to be largely eaten by certain birds (_e.g._ blackbirds, thrushes, wood-pigeons), but have poisoned children. The plant has long been said to be poisonous, but no definite case of poisoning of live stock has been discovered; possibly farm live stock would need to eat a considerable quantity for serious effects to be induced. Indeed, when keep is short, it is quite common in some districts to see Ivy strewed on the fields for cattle and sheep to eat, and it is very frequently given to sick animals by country people (Garnett). _Toxic Principle._ This has not been closely studied, but ivy contains a bitter principle which is strongly cathartic, emetic and purgative. Ivy contains a poisonous glucoside _Hederin_ (C_{64}H_{104}O_{19}) and a resin (_Gummi hederæ_). _Symptoms._ As suggested above, it is doubtful whether animals have been poisoned by Ivy. Symptoms given appear to refer to children, and consist in sickness, diarrhœa, nervous symptoms, excitement at first, then convulsions and paralysis (Müller). Sickness and purgation (Esser). Cornevin states that the symptoms are complex, emeto-purgative effects being present, with nervous symptoms resembling those of intoxication, viz. excitement, then coma, convulsions, uncertain gait, and stertorous respiration. REFERENCES. 73, 76, 81, 130, 208, 240. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.