=Szymanowski Method.=—The flap is formed as shown in Fig. 338, the pedicle having its upper incision just below the end of the right eyebrow and the lower below the inner canthus on a line with the first, giving it an oblique position. Just below the curvature of the basal incision two short incisions are made on either side into the forehead tissue with a view of rendering more flexible the skin to be utilized in correcting the secondary wound. The margin of the old nose is freshened. [Illustration: FIG. 338.—SZYMANOWSKI METHOD.] =Labat, Blasius, Linhart Method.=—These operators performed their operations in two sittings. In the first the incisions were so made at the base as to permit of that part of the flap intended for the rim of the nares to be tucked in, as it were, where these two triangular little folds were held in place by silk suture. When the parts had become thoroughly united, or at the second sitting, the entire flap was cut away and brought into place for the new nose. The object of this procedure was to give body to the wings of the nose and to overcome the consequent curling and contraction of the skin so commonly found with the single sitting operation. This step marked the first advancement toward attaining much more successful results in total rhinoplasty by using skin-lined flaps, which not only added to the better nutriment to the part, but also gave support and firmness to the new organ. _The French Method_ This method, _per se_, is not in itself sufficient to bring about a satisfactory result. The fundamental principle is that of the sliding flap of Celsus, and in which the two flaps intended to form the new nose are taken from the tissue of the cheek at either side of the remains of the old nose. The total outcome is simply to bring before the opening a curtain of skin with a median scar running from the root to the lobule, which in itself is sufficient upon contraction to mar the result; furthermore, there are the two lateral wounds which have to be covered by skin grafts which, upon healing, have their tension of contraction, added to that of the median scar, with the result that the anterior nose becomes flattened and ugly, practically amounting only to an unevenly contracted curtain of marred skin. The author would not advise resorting to such method, but, owing to the fact that a step in the advancement of the art was conceived under this particular method, space is given to the subject. This step, first introduced by Nélaton, consisted of allowing all of the cicatricial tissue of the old nose to remain with which the new nose could be built. As the possibility of this is rare in total rhinoplastic cases, the method is more useful in partial rhinoplastics, where it forms an important factor, as will be shown later under that subdivision.