Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 2 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"Plutarch
Philosophy
Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 2 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"
Plutarch
Classical literature; Essays; Ethics; Philosophy
_Solution._ The latter part of the question seems to augment the
difficulty of the former. If now the story told of Aeneas be true, that
whilst Diomedes was passing by he offered a sacrifice with his head
covered, it is rational and consequent that, while we cover our heads
before our enemies, when we meet our friends and good men we should
be uncovered. This behavior before the Gods therefore is not their
peculiar right, but accidental, continuing to be observed since that
example of Aeneas.
If there is any thing further to be said, consider whether we ought not
to enquire only after the reason why men in divine service are covered,
the other being the consequence of it. For they that are uncovered
before men of greater power do not thereby ascribe honor unto them, but
rather remove envy from them, that they might not seem to demand or to
endure the same kind of reverence which the Gods have, or to rejoice
that they are served in the same manner as they. But they worship the
Gods in this manner, either showing their unworthiness in all humility
by the covering of the head, or rather fearing that some unlucky and
ominous voice should come to them from abroad whilst they are praying;
therefore they pluck up their cloaks about their ears. That they
strictly observed these things is manifest in this, that when they went
to consult the oracle, they made a great din all about by the tinkling
of brass kettles. Or is it as Castor saith, that the Roman usages were
conformable to the Pythagoric notion that the daemon within us stands
in need of the Gods without us, and we make supplication to them with a
covered head, intimating the body’s hiding and absconding of the soul?
_Question 11._ Why do they sacrifice to Saturn with an uncovered
head?
_Solution._ Is this the reason, that, whereas Aeneas hath
instituted the covering of the head in divine service, Saturn’s
sacrifice was much more ancient? Or is it that they are covered before
celestial Gods, but reckon Saturn an infernal and terrestrial God? Or
is it that nothing of the truth ought to be obscure and darkened, and
the Romans repute Saturn to be the father of truth?
_Question 12._ Why do they esteem Saturn the father of truth?
_Solution._ Is it not the reason that some philosophers believe
that Κρόνος (_Saturn_) is the same with Χρόνος (_time_), and
time finds out truth? Or is it for that which was fabled of Saturn’s
age, that it was most just and most likely to participate of truth?
_Question 13._ Why do they sacrifice to Honor (a God so-called)
with a bare head?
_Solution._ Is it because glory is splendid, illustrious, and
unveiled, for which cause men are uncovered before good and honorable
persons; and for this reason they thus worship the God that bears the
name of honor?
_Question 14._ Why do sons carry forth their parents at funerals
with covered heads, but the daughters with uncovered and dishevelled
hair?
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