Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 2 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"Plutarch
Philosophy
Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 2 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"
Plutarch
Classical literature; Essays; Ethics; Philosophy
24. And this the express words of Plato declare. “For this is my
opinion,” saith he, “in short, that being, place, and generation were
three distinct things even before the heavens were created.”[195] By
place he means matter, as being the seat and receptacle; by being or
existence, the intelligible nature; and by generation, the world not
being yet created, he designs only that substance which was subject to
change and motion, disposed between the forming cause and the thing
formed, transmitting hither those shapes and figures which were there
contrived and moulded. For which reason it was called divisible;
there being a necessity of distributing sense to the sensitive, and
imagination to the imaginative faculty. For the sensitive motion, being
proper to the soul, directs itself to that which is outwardly sensible.
As for the understanding, it was fixed and immovable of itself, but
being settled in the soul and becoming its lord and governor, it turns
upon itself, and accomplishes a circular motion about that which is
always permanent, chiefly laboring to apply itself to the eternally
durable substance. With great difficulty therefore did they admit
a conjunction, till the divisible at length intermixing with the
indivisible, and the restlessly hurried with the sleepy and motionless,
constrained the Other to meet and join with the Same. Yet the Other was
not motion, as neither was the Same stability, but the principle of
distinction and diversity. For both the one and the other proceed from
a different principle; the Same from the unit, the Other from the duad;
and these were first intermixed with the soul, being fastened and bound
together by number, proportion, and harmonical mediums; so that the
Other being riveted into the Same begets diversity and disagreement;
and the Same being fermented into the Other produces order. And this
is apparent from the first powers of the soul, which are judgment and
motion. Motion immediately shows itself in the heavens, giving us an
example of diversity in identity by the circumvolution of the fixed
stars, and of identity in diversity by the order of the planets. For
in them the Same bears the chiefest sway; in terrestrial bodies,
the contrary principle. Judgment has two principles,—understanding
from the Same, to judge of things in general, and sense from the
Other, to judge of things in particular. Reason is a mixture of both,
becoming intellect in reference to things intelligible, and opinion
in things subject to sense; making use of the interdisposed organs
of imagination and memory, of which these in the Same produce the
Other, and those in the Other make the Same. For understanding is the
motion of the considerative faculty about that which is permanent and
stable. Opinion is a continuance of the perceptive faculty upon that
which is continually in motion. But as for fancy or imagination, being
a connection of opinion with sense, the Same has placed it in the
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