Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 5 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"Plutarch
Philosophy
Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 5 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"
Plutarch
Classical literature; Essays; Ethics; Philosophy
4. This therefore, though there should be nothing else, almost shows
us what sort of thing Fate is; but not particularly or in every
respect. What kind of thing then is it in its own form? It is, as far
as one can compare it, like to the civil or politic law. For first it
commands the most part of things at least, if not all, conditionally;
and then it comprises (as far as is possible for it) all things that
belong to the public in general; and the better to make you understand
both the one and the other, we must specify them by an example. The
civil law speaks and ordains in general of a valiant man, and also of
a deserter and a coward; and in the same manner of others. Now this
is not to make the law speak of this or that man in particular, but
principally to propose such things as are universal or general, and
consequently such as fall under them. For we may very well say, that
it is legal to reward this man for having demeaned himself valiantly,
and to punish that man for flying from his colors; because the law has
virtually—though not in express terms and particularly yet in such
general ones as they are comprehended under,—so determined of them.
As the law (if I may so speak) of physicians and masters of corporal
exercises potentially comprehends particular and special things within
the general; so the law of Nature, determining first and principally
general matters, secondarily and consequently determines such as are
particular. Thus, general things being decreed by Fate, particular and
individual things may also in some sort be said to be so, because
they are so by consequence with the general. But perhaps some one of
those who more accurately examine and more subtly search into these
things may say, on the contrary, that particular and individual things
precede the composition of general things, and that the general exist
only for the particular, since that for which another thing is always
goes before that which is for it. Nevertheless, this is not the proper
place to treat of this difficulty, but it is to be remitted to another.
However, that Fate comprehends not all things clearly and expressly,
but only such as are universal and general, let it pass for resolved
on at present, as well for what we have already said a little before,
as for what we shall say hereafter. For that which is finite and
determinate, agreeing properly with divine Providence, is seen more in
universal and general things than in particular; such therefore is the
divine law, and also the civil; but infinity consists in particulars
and individuals.
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