Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 5 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"Plutarch
Philosophy
Plutarch's essays and miscellanies, Vol. 5 (of 5) : $b Comprising all his works collected under the title of "Morals"
Plutarch
Classical literature; Essays; Ethics; Philosophy
but that legal and according to law is only that which is particularly
prescribed and expressly commanded by the law, in any action
whatsoever. In like manner, those things only are fatal and according
to Fate, which are the consequences of causes preceding in the divine
disposition. So that Fate indeed comprehends all things which are done;
yet many of those things that are comprehended in it, and almost all
that precede, should not (to speak properly) be pronounced to be fatal
or according to Fate.
6. These things being so, we are next in order to show, how “that
which is in our power” (or free will), Fortune, possible, contingent,
and other like things which are placed among the antecedent causes,
can consist with Fate, and Fate with them; for Fate, as it seems,
comprehends all things, and yet all these things will not happen by
necessity, but every one of them according to the principle of its
nature. Now the nature of the possible is to presubsist, as the genus,
and to go before the contingent; and the contingent, as the matter and
subject, is to be presupposed to free will; and our free will ought as
a master to make use of the contingent; and Fortune comes in by the
side of free will, through the property of the contingent of inclining
to either part. Now you will more easily apprehend what has been said,
if you shall consider that every thing which is generated, and the
generation itself, is not done without a generative faculty or power,
and the power is not without a substance. As for example, neither the
generation of man, nor that which is generated, is without a power;
but this power is about man, and man himself is the substance. Now
the power or faculty is between the substance, which is the powerful,
and the generation and the thing generated, which are both possibles.
There being then these three things, the power, the powerful, and the
possible; before the power can exist, the powerful must of necessity
be presupposed as its subject, and the power must also necessarily
subsist before the possible. By this deduction then may in some measure
be understood what is meant by possible; which may be grossly defined
as “that which power is able to produce;” or yet more exactly, if to
this same there be added, “provided there be nothing from without to
hinder or obstruct it.” Now of possible things there are some which
can never be hindered, as are those in heaven, to wit, the rising and
setting of the stars, and the like to these; but others may indeed be
hindered, as are the most part of human things, and many also of those
which are done in the air. The first, as being done by necessity, are
called necessary; the others, which may fall one way or other, are
called contingent; and they may both thus be described. The necessary
possible is that whose contrary is impossible; and the contingent
possible is that whose contrary is also possible. For that the sun
should set is a thing both necessary and possible, forasmuch as it is
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