Poetic diction: A study of eighteenth century verseQuayle, Thomas
History
Poetic diction: A study of eighteenth century verse
Quayle, Thomas
English language -- Diction; English poetry -- 18th century -- History and criticism
A second variety of eighteenth century diction, or, more strictly
speaking, another conventional embellishment of the poetry of the period,
is found in that widespread use of personified abstraction which is
undoubtedly one of the greatest, perhaps _the_ greatest, of its faults.
Not only the mere versifiers, but also many of its greatest poets, make
abundant use of cut and dried personifications, whose sole claim to
vitality rests most often on the presence of a capital letter. It is a
favourite indulgence of the writers, not only of the old order, but
also of those who, like Collins and Gray, announce the advent of the
new, and not even the presence of genius could prevent its becoming a
poetical abuse of the worst kind. Whether it be regarded as a survival
of a symbolic system from which the life had long since departed, or
as a conventional device arising from the theory of poetical ornament
handed down by the neo-classicists, its main effect was to turn a large
proportion of eighteenth century poetry into mere rhetorical verse. It is
this variety of poetical language that might with justice be labelled as
the eighteenth century style in the derogatory sense of the term. In its
cumulative effect on the poetry of the period it is perhaps more vicious
than the stock diction which is the usual target of criticism.
Two other varieties of eighteenth century diction represent an endeavour
to replace, or rather reinforce the stereotyped words, phrases, and
similes by new forms. The first of these is the widespread use of
latinized words and constructions, chiefly in the blank verse poems
written in imitation of Milton, but not only there. The second is the use
of archaic and pseudo-archaic words by the writers whose ambition it was
to catch something of the music and melody of the Spenserian stanza. Both
these movements thus reflected the desire for a change, and though the
tendencies, which they reflect, are in a certain sense conventional and
imitative in that they simply seek to replace the accepted diction by new
forms derived respectively from Milton and Spenser, one of them at least
had in the sequel a real and revivifying influence on the language of
poetry.
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