Whether this indictment against a proclaimed murderer who had been found in a temple or a public place was brought before ‘the Eleven’ for final judgment, or whether it was referred by them, if the accused denied the charge, to the ordinary Heliastic courts, is a question which we cannot decide. Pollux[93] includes ‘the Eleven’ amongst the Heliastic judges, but Aristotle[94] implies that they could only judge when the accused pleaded guilty. If it sounds strange to say that gaol commissioners might have heard such indictments, it is, we think, not quite so strange as the fact indicated by Philippi,[95] that indictments for impiety were in certain cases heard by judges who had no other judicial qualification save the fact that they had been initiated at the mysteries of Eleusis! The passage in Andocides,[96] on which Philippi’s statement is based, certainly suggests that there were at Athens special religious or ecclesiastical courts for the trial of offences connected with ritualistic procedure, such as profane conduct or the divulging of religious secrets. The court which is described by Andocides consisted of initiated citizens, and the accusation was concerned with an offence in regard to the Mysteries. Were these citizen courts a democratic development of the Eumolpid Exegetae courts which are referred to by Lysias?[97] Very probably they were, just as the Heliasts were a democratic development of the Ephetae courts. In both cases, however, we must assume that the development did not involve the destruction of the older system of judicature, but merely reformed it by providing an option in the personnel, while retaining the traditional procedure of the court. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF ATTIC HOMICIDE COURTS