Cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, and other livestock apparently do not suffer from skin irritation caused by these plants, although they have been observed to graze upon the foliage occasionally. Bees collect honey from the flowers, though no reports are on record of any ill effects from the use of the honey. The time between contamination of the skin and the first symptoms varies greatly with individuals and probably with conditions. The first symptoms of itching or burning sensation may develop in a few hours or after 5 days or even more. The delay in development of symptoms is often confusing in attempting to determine the time or location when contamination occurred. The itching sensation and subsequent inflammation, which usually develops into water blisters under the skin, may continue for several days from a single contamination. Persistence of symptoms over a long period is likely to be due to new contacts with plants or with previously contaminated clothing or animals. Severe infection may produce more serious symptoms, which result in much pain through abscesses, enlarged glands, fever, or complicated constitutional malfunction. Secondary infections are always a possibility in any break in the skin, such as is produced by breaking vesicles that have formed as large water blisters. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST POISONING The most effective way to prevent poisoning from the plants is to avoid contact with them. If it is necessary to work among them, some measure of prevention can be gained by wearing protective clothing, but it is necessary to remember that the active poisonous principle can easily be transferred. Some protection also may be obtained in advance by the use of protective creams or lotions. They prevent the poison from touching the skin, or make the active principle easily removed, or neutralize it to a certain degree. Various formulas containing ferric chloride and glycerin have been used more or less effectively as a preventive measure, although there may be some danger of pigmentation of the skin from the ferric chloride. A common formula is ferric chloride, 5 parts; glycerin, 25 parts; alcohol, 25 parts; water. 50 parts. A lotion of this formula applied to the exposed skin prior to contact with poisonous plants gives effective protection for many people. It is especially effective if followed by thorough washing with soap and water. Such washing, even if no protective lotion has been used, is often effective in preventing poisoning. Proper precaution should be taken by repeated lathering with a strong alkali soap, followed by thorough rinsing and repeating the process several times. The water should be frequently changed, and a shower or flowing water bath is preferable. The soap probably only emulsifies the active principle, and thorough rinsing is necessary to avoid spreading the poison to other parts of the body.