symptoms in adults. Two fatal cases are mentioned by Taylor; one was that of a child who died fifteen hours after taking half an ounce of the oil; in another an infant, five months old, died rapidly from a teaspoonful. The symptoms in these fatal cases were profound coma and slight convulsions; the pupils were contracted, and there was slow and irregular breathing. Turpentine is eliminated in a changed form by the kidneys, and imparts an odour of violet to the urine; but the nature of the odoriferous principle has not yet been investigated. [143] Clarus in Schmidt’s _Jahrbücher_, Bd. cxvii., i. 1863; and _Vierteljahrsschr. für ger. Med._, xxii., Oct. 1862. [144] _Brit. and For. Med.-Chir. Review_, April 1863. II.--Camphor. § 153. A great many essential oils deposit, after exposure to air, camphors produced by oxidation of their terpenes. Ordinary camphor is imported in the rough state from China and Japan, and is prepared by distilling with water the wood of _Camphora officinarum_; it is resublimed in England. The formula of camphor is C₁₀H₁₆O; it has a density of ·986 to ·996; melts at 175°, and boils at 205°. It is readily sublimed, especially in a vacuum, and is indeed so volatile at all temperatures, that a lump of camphor exposed to the air wastes away. It is somewhat insoluble in water (about 1 part in 1000), but this is enough to impart a distinct taste to the water; it is insoluble in chloroform, ether, acetone, acetic acid, carbon disulphide, and oils. It has a fragrant odour and a burning taste. A 10 per cent. solution in alcohol turns a ray of polarised light to the right +42·8°. By distillation with zinc chloride, cymene and other products are produced. By prolonged treatment with nitric acid, camphor is oxidised to camphoric acid (C₁₀H₁₆O₄). Camphor unites with bromine to form a crystalline, unstable dibromide, which splits up on distillation into hydrobromic acid and monobrom-camphor (C₁₀H₁₅BrO). The latter is used in medicine; it crystallises in prisms fusible at 76°, and is readily soluble in alcohol. § 154. =Pharmaceutical Preparations.=--The preparations officinal in the British Pharmacopœia are _camphor water_--water saturated with camphor, containing about one part per thousand. =Camphor Liniment.=--A solution of camphor in olive oil, strength 25 per cent. =Compound Camphor Liniment.=--Composed of camphor, oil of lavender, strong solution of ammonia and alcohol; strength in camphor about 11 per cent. =Spirit of Camphor.=--A solution of camphor in spirit; strength, 10 per cent.