Produced by Taavi Kalju and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Million Book Project) POLITICAL AND LITERARY ESSAYS 1908-1913 BY THE EARL OF CROMER MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1913 MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA · MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO PREFACE I have to thank the editors of _The Edinburgh_ and _Quarterly Reviews_, _The Nineteenth Century and After_, and _The Spectator_ for allowing the republication of these essays, all of which appeared originally in their respective columns. No important alterations or additions have been made, but I should like to observe, as regards the first essay of the series--on "The Government of Subject Races"--that, although only six years have elapsed since it was written, events in India have moved rapidly during that short period. I adhere to the opinions expressed in that essay so far as they go, but it will be obvious to any one who has paid attention to Indian affairs that, if the subject had to be treated now, many very important issues, to which I have not alluded, would have to be imported into the discussion. CROMER. _September 30, 1913._ CONTENTS PAGE "THE EDINBURGH REVIEW" I. THE GOVERNMENT OF SUBJECT RACES 3 II. TRANSLATION AND PARAPHRASE 54 "THE QUARTERLY REVIEW" III. SIR ALFRED LYALL 77 "THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER" IV. ARMY REFORM 107 V. THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF FREE TRADE 127 VI. CHINA 141 VII. THE CAPITULATIONS IN EGYPT 156 "THE SPECTATOR"