of masons, etc., forbidden in 1425; against the law or customs of the staple town made criminal in 1333; general discussion of law of, chapter XII; continuing conspiracies, doctrine of; extension of, by new statutes; early English law of, discussed with the modern law of combinations; to maintain lawsuits; Conspiracy and the Trade Disputes acts (_English_); copied in Maryland; changing of law recommended in labor matters; English statute of, copied in Oklahoma; doctrine of, contended for by labor unions. Constitutional law (_see Unconstitutional_), growth of in America; applied by the courts in early England; Magna Charta to be interpreted by Ordainours; anticipates in earliest times U.S. Supreme Court. Constitution, State, modern form of; adoption of by referendum. Constructive total loss, origin of doctrine. Contempt of court, effort to obtain jury trial, (_see Chancery, Injunction_). Contract (_see Freedom of_), status of, desirable for labor. Convict-made goods, denial of to interstate commerce. Co-operation (_see Profit Sharing_). Corn, exportation of, forbidden in 1360. "Corners" (_see Engrossing, Forestalling_), unlawful to create at the common law; corners of wheat in Athens; by Joseph in Egypt. Coronation oaths, history of. Corporation, general discussion of, Chapter X; Federal incorporation; first appearance of secular trading corporations uncertain; companies corporate required to record their charters as early as 1426; by-laws of must be reasonable; first trading companies under Elizabeth; early charters of difficult to find; business, origin of; discussion of; peculiar powers of incorporated persons; unknown in Rome and early England; special municipal corporations and monasteries; limited liability of, invented in Connecticut; form of the modern; Federal supervision; powers of in other States; prohibition of; holding stock by; earliest business companies; history of; limited liability; monopoly given to Federal corporations; powers of in other States; the Massachusetts law; two theories of legislation concerning; clash of State and Federal law; the "Trust problem"; discussion of subject by Massachusetts commissioners; now created under general laws; modern legislation concerning; liability of stockholders; payment in of stock; income; "publicity"; monopoly, consolidation, etc.; the holding company; public service; duration of franchise; powers of in other States; have no immunity from giving testimony; are subject to the criminal law; primarily through individual officers. Corrupt practices (_see Bribery_) election laws. Corruption (_see Bribery_), modern statute against. Council, the great, was originally executive and judicial as well as legislative (_see Three Functions of Government_); primarily judicial; legislation incidental to judicial judgments;