What Metals are—Characteristics and General Properties of Metals—Classification—Specific Gravity—Descriptions 386 CHAPTER XXX.—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Radicals—Acids—Bases—Neutrals 410 CHAPTER XXXI.—MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. The Minerals—Characteristics—Crystals and their Forms—Descriptions of Minerals 424 CHAPTER XXXII.—NEW LOCOMOTIVE APPLIANCES. The Kite—The Aerophane—Ice Yachts—Sailing Trucks—Water Velocipedes 448 CHAPTER XXXIII.—ASTRONOMY. Introductory—History of Astronomy—Nomenclature 466 CHAPTER XXXIV.—ANGLES AND MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES. The Quadrant—Transit Instrument—Clocks—Stellar Time—Solar Time—“Mean Time” 474 CHAPTER XXXV.—THE SOLAR SYSTEM. Gravitation—The Planets—Size and Measurement of the Planets—Satellites—Falling Stars—Comets—Aerolites 486 CHAPTER XXXVI.—THE SUN. Motion of the Sun—The Seasons—Character of the Sun—Sun-Spots—Zodiacal Light 496 CHAPTER XXXVII.—THE EARTH. Form of the Earth—Motion of the Globe—Rate and Manner of Progression—Latitude and Longitude—The Seasons 504 CHAPTER XXXVIII.—THE MOON. What is it Like?—Moon Superstitions—Description of the Moon—Phases—Tides—Eclipses 510 CHAPTER XXXIX.—THE STARS. The Planets and Asteroids 521 CHAPTER XL.—THE FIXED STARS. Fixed-Stars—Magnitude of the Stars—Constellations—Descriptions of the Zodiacal Constellations—Northern and Southern Star Groups—Distance of Stars 535 CHAPTER XLI.—THE STARS (_Continued_). Double and Multiple Stars—Coloured and Variable Stars—Clusters, Groups, and Nebulæ—The Galaxy, or Milky Way—How to Find out the Principal Stars 546 CHAPTER XLII.—NEW ASTRONOMICAL APPLIANCES. A Celestial Indicator—Astronomical or Cosmographical Clock—A Simple Globe—A Solar Chronometer 557 CHAPTER XLIII.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Geography and Geology—The Earth’s Crust—Origin of the Earth—Denudation and Excavation by Water—Rocks, Gravel, and Sand—Classes of Rocks 564 CHAPTER XLIV.—GEOLOGY. Crust of the Earth—Geological Systems—Eozoic, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Pre-Historic Formations 573 CHAPTER XLV.—GEOLOGY (_Continued_). The Mesozoic System—The Triassic, Oolitic, and Cretaceous Formations—The Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene—The Glacial Period—Pre-Historic Man 584 CHAPTER XLVI.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Igneous Rocks—Land and Water—Springs, Wells, and Geysers—Snow and Ice—Their Effects 601 CHAPTER XLVII.—THE SEA AND THE SKY. The Sea—Salt Water—Waves and their Effects—Under Water—The Floor of the Ocean 610 CHAPTER XLVIII.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. METEOROLOGY. The Atmosphere—Winds and Air Currents—Wind Pressure—Storms—Rain–clouds— Water-Spouts—Atmospherical Phenomena 628 CHAPTER XLIX.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. METEOROLOGY (_Continued_).