The dark marginal line denote the calibre of the urethra, and the inner lines the actual diameter of the obstructed passage. Figure 1 shows the stricture to be on the lower part of the urethra. Figure 2 the upper part. Figure 3 exhibits a stricture of some length, and a somewhat contracted state of the whole canal. Figure 4 denotes a very common form of stricture, which resembles a flour-bag tied in the middle; it is the least difficult to cure of any, because it signifies that the seat of irritation is limited; but these cases are generally precursory to severer forms, if not promptly attended to. Figure 5 represents a stricture of considerable length, and of course very difficult of removal. There are many provocatives to stricture, and when once mischief is progressing, it makes up for its slow initiation by giant strides. A patient may have a trifling stricture for years without experiencing much inconvenience. He takes cold, fatigues himself, commits some stomachic or other excess, may possibly have fever, all of which more or less disturb the general economy, alter the character of the urine, and in that manner doubly accelerate the disorganization going on in the urethra. A small abscess may spring up _in_ the urethra, or _below_ it among the cellular membranes and integuments. In either case, it chances now and then to burst an opening and create a communication externally with the urinary passage, constituting what is called _fistula_. A person laboring under stricture is always liable to these occurrences. As much mischief is done oftentimes by mismanagement as by neglect. The clumsy introduction of a bougie, or, in other instances, the unjustifiable introduction of one, is likely to, and very frequently does, lacerate the delicate and irritable membrane, and make a false passage. Figure 6 exhibits an instance at Nos. 1 and 2; the upper numerical shows a false passage made by a bougie, and an obliteration of the ordinary passage of the urethra, the result of inflammation, constituting an impassable stricture; the lower figure exhibits a false opening made, in the first instance, by a fruitless effort at passing an instrument, when inflammation completed the process. No urine escaped from it of course, because communication was cut off from the bladder by the impassable stricture; the outlet for the discharge of that fluid being through a sinuous opening marked No. 2, the No. 3 denoting the closed end of the urethra. The case happened to a man in very ill health, who was prone to ulceration, and he gradually sunk under exhaustion from debility and premature old age. Figure 7 exhibits a stricture where the posterior part was enlarged by the constant pressure of the urine to escape through the narrowed part of the urethra; ulceration ensued, and a fistulous opening was the consequence; the stricture was seated high up, and the fistulous canal was several inches long, terminating in the upper and posterior