For this purpose, it is recommended that a solid silver sound should be used as the best instrument; because it will pass with much less pain or inconvenience. It should be made conical, that is, smaller at the point than at the shaft, and of a size to pass very readily into the orifice; the shaft or body of the sound should not exceed two thirds of the size of the canal. The sound should be warmed, and afterward it should be well oiled. The directions for examining the urethra pertain to the passage of a bougie or catheter; and as it often falls to the lot of a patient, that he is beyond medical assistance, it behooves him to learn how an instrument should be passed, in order that in emergencies he may officiate himself; besides, it often happens, in cases of diseased bladder, and in those cases where retention of urine frequently occurs, that an invalid can not command the necessary constant attendance of his professional man; and therefore such knowledge will well repay any little time or trouble bestowed in the acquisition. The two annexed drawings will render the commonest observer a proficient. The first shows the manner in which the bougie is to be introduced. Where the instrument can be passed thus far, without the assistance of the other hand than that which holds the bougie, it is better, as it keeps the penis and the muscles which influence it in a passive state. When the instrument has passed as far as it will, in the direction the dotted lines denote, it is to be turned gently round, raising the handle toward the abdomen. A slight pressure is then to be made _downward_, and the handle of the catheter or bougie at the same time to be borne away from the body. See diagram. The instrument will, if there be no impediment, gradually slip into the bladder. A trial or two will perfect and surprise the novice. The same directions apply to the introduction and use of all other instruments into the urethra. The sensation experienced on having a bougie passed, partakes more of a strange tickling feeling than absolute pain, except there exist stricture, and even then the urethra, on a subsequent trial, is almost insensible to it. [Illustration] [Illustration] If soreness or pain is felt, on the sound passing over the affected part, we may presume there is chronic inflammation of the urethra, or that the surface is ulcerated, as in long standing gleet. If the sound meet with an impediment, but proceeds after a little pressure, it indicates a thickening of the mucous membrane, the forerunner of stricture. I may here observe, that stricture is generally found to exist either within an inch of the orifice, or at about six inches and a half from it, or in the prostate part of the urethra.