[Illustration: _Louis Philippe (November, 1834, to July, 1845)._] [Illustration: _Louis Philippe (1837)._] [Illustration: _Louis Philippe (1845 to 1848)._] [Illustration: _On white porcelain (1833 to present time)._] [Illustration: _Republic (1848 to 1851)._] [Illustration: _Napoleon III., emperor (1852)._] [Illustration: _Napoleon III., emperor (1854 and after)._] [Illustration: _Present mark--the cut shows pieces sold in the white (1861)._ ] CHAPTER XIV. THE PORCELAINS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE--ITALY, SPAIN, ETC. Florentine, or Medicean.--Is it a True Porcelain?--The House of Medici.--Marks.--Doccia Porcelain.--The Marquis Ginori.--Beccheroni.--Present Work.--Marks.--Venice.--Vezzi.--Cozzi.--Marks.--Turin. --Gioanetti.--Marks.--Nove.--Terraglia.--Marks.--Capo di Monte.--Naples.--In Relief.--Marks.--Spanish Porcelain.--Buen Retiro.--Marks.--Portugal. Florentine (or Medicean) Porcelain.--In the time of the 1700's, after the discovery of kaolin in Saxony, kings and princes were eager to signalize themselves by establishing porcelain-works in their states, and upon these they spent much money. It has come to light within a few years that the merchant-princes of the house of Medici enlisted in the same cause, and were the _first_ to establish a porcelain-factory in Europe; this discovery, made by Dr. Foresi, of Florence, has been confirmed by various others. The question only is, "Is it porcelain?" Mr. J. C. Robinson, a distinguished English writer, says: