CHAPTER XIII. THE PORCELAIN OF FRANCE--ST.-CLOUD, CHANTILLY, SÈVRES, ETC. Hard and Soft Porcelain.--Discovery of Kaolin.--St.-Cloud.--_Pâte Tendre._--Marks.--Rouen.--Small Manufactories.--Marks of same.--Chantilly.--Scéaux-Penthièvre.--Niderviller.--Marks.--Limoges. --Sèvres.--Flower-Work.--Hard Porcelain, _Pâte Dure_.--The Grand Monarque. --Florid Taste.--Boucher.--Vieux Sèvres.--Three Vases.--Greek Vases.--Prices at Bernal Sale.--Chemists.--Colors used.--Collections.--Art Museums.--Alexandra Brongniart.--Marks and Dates.....253 CHAPTER XIV. THE PORCELAINS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE--ITALY, SPAIN, ETC. Florentine, or Medicean.--Is it a True Porcelain?--The House of Medici.--Marks.--Doccia Porcelain.--The MarquisGinori.--Beccheroni.--Present Work.--Marks.--Venice.--Vezzi.--Cozzi.--Marks.--Turin.--Gioanetti.--Marks. --Nove.--Terraglia.--Marks.--Capo di Monte.--Naples.--In Relief.--Marks.--Spanish Porcelain.--Buen Retiro.--Marks.--Portugal.....274 CHAPTER XV. THE PORCELAINS OF ENGLAND. Bow.--Chelsea.--Derby.--Chelsea-Derby.--Lowestoft.--Worcester.--Chamberlains. --Plymouth.--Bristol.--Pinxton.--Nantgaraw.--Swansea.--Turners.--Coalport. --Coalbrookdale.--Herculaneum.--Shelton, New Hall.--Rockingham.--Spode, Copeland.--Place.--Daniell.--Minton.--Prices and Marks.....288 CHAPTER XVI. THE PORCELAINS OF NORTHERN EUROPE. Holland and Belgium.--Oriental Trade.--Weesp.--Marks.--Loosdrecht.--Amstel, Old and New.--Marks.--The Hague.--Marks.--Lille.--Mark.--Tournay.--Marks.--Sweden.--Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII.--Marieberg.--Rörstrand.--Marks.--Denmark. --Copenhagen.--Marks.--Russia.--Peter the Great.--Catherine II.--Marks. --Tver.--Gardner.--Moscow.--Popoff.--Gulena.--Mark.--Poland.--Korzec.....319 CHAPTER XVII. POTTERY AND PORCELAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. The First Porcelain made here.--Bonnin and Morris.--Franklin Institute.--William Ellis Tucker.--Tucker and Hemphill.--Thomas Tucker.--General Tyndale.--Porcelain of T. C. Smith and Sons.--Early Advertisements.--Josiah Wedgwood.--Lord Sheffield's Report.--Alexander Hamilton's Report.--History of Norwich.--Samuel Dennis, New Haven.--Isaac Hanford, Hartford.--Gallatin's Report.--The "Washington Pitchers."--Lyman and Fenton, Vermont.--Rouse and Turner, New Jersey.--Potteries at Trenton.--In Ohio.--The Centennial Exhibition.....331 POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. CHAPTER I. UNGLAZED POTTERY. The Pottery of the Stone Age.--The Lacustrine Dwellings.--Vases of the Bronze Age.--Peruvian Pottery.--Mexican Pottery.--Pottery of Western Mounds.--The Cesnola Collections.--Roman Pottery.--Saxon and Scandinavian Pottery.--The Pottery of Ancient Gaul--of Ancient Germany. [Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Bowl of the Stone Age._]