_Treatment._ If constipation is due to dirt on the outside, cleanse vent by swabbing with warm water. When stoppage is inside and can be felt through the vent syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give a purgative such as castor oil or Epsom salts. If worms are suspected as the cause, give santonin (see page 9), followed by a teaspoonful of castor oil. CRAMP _Must not be confused with more serious complaints_ _Symptoms._ Difficulty in standing and lameness, due to inflammation of muscles and joints. _Cause._ Damp and cold. _Treatment._ Put legs of bird in warm water; rub joints with embrocation and put in dry quarters. NOTE—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever, and tuberculosis, birds may show the same difficulty in standing that they do in cramp. CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP) _Not serious, as a rule_ _Symptoms._ The crop is hard and swollen. _Cause._ The blocking of the passage from the crop to the gizzard by a bit of stick or a stone, with the result that the food cannot pass out of the crop. _Treatment._ Pour sweet oil down fowl’s throat; work the crop with the fingers, endeavoring to remove the obstructing object. If unsuccessful, cut open the crop and remove the contents, making sure that the opening into the gizzard is clear. Sew up the cut made, stitching separately first the inner skin and then the outer. DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS _May take a serious and epidemic form_ Diarrhea is a common complaint among fowls, and in some cases takes a severe and epidemic form. The latter form may be due to various causes, and it will be best, perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the following heads: 1. Mild diarrhea. 2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea. 3. Dysentery. (See page 52.) 4. Cholera. (See page 39.) 5. White diarrhea of chickens. (See page 92.) _Mild Diarrhea_. _Symptoms._ Looseness of bowels and staining of feathers around the anus with excreta. _Cause._ Indigestion caused by food which may be too laxative; e. g., excess of bran, or, by food which may be partly decomposed or may contain an intestinal irritant. Cold may also be a cause. _Treatment._ Give Epsom salts, or castor oil. (See page 9.) Change diet if food is suspected. Often no treatment is necessary, but it is not wise to neglect cases that are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they may turn out to be an epidemic and contagious form. _Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic_ _Symptoms._ Excessive looseness of bowels, ruffling of feathers, depression, loss of appetite. A number of birds in the flock are attacked and death results.