_The Military Services_: Maintenance on active duty or in reserve status of armed forces components adequate to the defense of the United States is of continuing concern to the government. It is not alone in time of war that attention is given to the adequacy of the military services. Thus the 1930’s witnessed a series of amendments to the 1916 National Defense Act designed to improve the status of the reserve components of the Army. In June 1933, during the famous first hundred days of the Roosevelt administration, it was not too preoccupied with depression legislation to secure legislation introducing changes into procedures for establishing National Guard policy. All policies and regulations affecting the organization, training and distribution of the National Guard were to be prepared by committees of appropriate branches or divisions of the War Department General Staff. The Guard would be entitled to equal representation with the Regular Army in formulating Guard policies, but the paramount fact was that of federal supervision and integration of the National Guard.[138] Further, the President was empowered to determine the number of reserve officers in the various grades to be appointed to the Officers’ Reserve Corps, and to make such appointments, subject to Senatorial approval for ranks above Colonel.[139] This is a characteristic extension of the president’s power as Commander-in-Chief. Two years later, in June 1935, a further amendment to the 1916 statute gave the President authority in an emergency at any time to order officers of the National Guard to active duty for the duration of the emergency, with the proviso, however, that no officer could be employed on active duty for more than fifteen days in any calendar year without his own consent.[140] Later that year the President was authorized to call annually one thousand Reserve Officers (mostly R.O.T.C. graduates) for a year’s active duty with the Regular Army in the grade of second lieutenant. Only those who applied and who had been screened by the War Department were eligible.[141]