Practical Exercises in Elementary MeteorologyWard, Robert DeCourcy
Science
Practical Exercises in Elementary Meteorology
Ward, Robert DeCourcy
Meteorology
It must be remembered that Fig. 53 is an ideal diagram. It represents
conditions which are not to be expected in every cyclone which appears on
our weather maps. If all cyclones were exactly alike in the weather
conditions around them, weather forecasting would be a very easy task. But
cyclones are not all alike——far from it. Some are well developed, with
strong gradients, high winds, extended cloud areas, heavy precipitation,
and decided temperature contrasts. Others are but poorly developed, with
weak gradients, light winds, small temperature differences, and it may be
without any precipitation whatever. Some cover immense districts of
country; others are small and affect only a limited area. It therefore
becomes necessary to examine the characteristics of each approaching
cyclone, as shown on the daily weather map, very carefully. Notice whether
it is accompanied by heavy rain or snow; whether its winds are violent;
how far ahead of the center the cloudy area extends; how far behind the
outer cloud limit the rain area begins; what is the position of the cloud
and rain area with reference to the center, and other points of equal
importance, and govern yourself, in making your forecast, according to the
special features of each individual cyclone. Well-developed cyclones will
be accompanied by marked weather changes. Weak cyclones will have their
weather changes but faintly marked.
The distance of your station from the center of the cyclone is of great
importance in determining what the weather conditions and changes shall
be, as may easily be seen by examining Fig. 53. If the storm passes far to
the north or far to the south of your station, you may notice none of its
accompanying weather conditions, except, perhaps, a bank of clouds on your
horizon. You may for a few hours be under the cloudy sky of some passing
storm, and yet not be reached by its rainy area. The shifts in the wind
may be marked and the wind velocities high, or the expected veering or
backing may hardly be noticeable, owing to the weakness or the distance of
the controlling cyclone.
Again, the rapidity with which weather conditions will change depends upon
the rate of movement of the cyclone itself. The better developed the
cyclone, the higher its velocity of progression, and the nearer its track
lies to the station, the more emphatic and the more rapid are the weather
changes it causes. On the other hand, the weaker the cyclone, the slower
its rate of progression, and the further away its track, the less marked
and the slower the weather changes. The probable track of a coming storm,
and its probable rate of movement, therefore, need careful study if our
forecasts are to be reliable.
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