5. =Position of Abdominal Organs.= Note situs viscerum inversus, gastro-enteroptosis, displacements due to spinal curvatures and deformities, and hernia, anomalies or malformations, locate organs by usual landmarks (edge of ribs, ensiform, umbilicus, etc.), position of lower and left borders of liver, gall-bladder, spleen, pylorus and fundus of stomach, appendix, colon, etc. Malposition of transverse colon especially common. Note volvulus, ileus, invaginations, etc. Examine stomach and intestines carefully for perforations. Differentiate postmortem perforations and those due to pathologic conditions. (Edges of postmortem perforations soft, slimy, without evidences of disease.) The appendix should also be carefully examined at this time. Note also peritoneal surface (color, thickness, translucency, tubercles, adhesions), color and blood-content of all abdominal organs before acted upon by exposure to air. In the female examine pelvic organs. Do not mistake postmortem perforations of stomach or intestine, postmortem imbibition and diffusion of bile in region of gall-bladder, postmortem contraction of intestines, dilatations of lymphatics with lymph or chyle, agonal transudates, accessory spleens, etc., for pathologic conditions. 6. =Position of Diaphragm.= Normally fourth rib or interspace on right, fifth rib on left, higher in the young, lower in old age. Raised in conditions of increased abdominal pressure (pregnancy, ascites, enlargement of liver or spleen, subdiaphragmatic abscess, dilatation of stomach, urinary or gall-bladder, tumors of any abdominal or pelvic organ, especially ovarian cysts, etc.), low in increase of intrathoracic pressure (pleuritic effusions, pneumothorax, pericardial effusion, hypertrophy of heart, tumors, aneurism, etc.). 7. =Mammae.= Condition varies according to age, pregnancy, lactation, etc. In resting glands the structure is lobulated, connective-tissue white with yellow fat between; in the white connective-tissue are small grayish-red nodules of gland-tissue (“breast-grains”). During lactation the fat disappears entirely or to a large extent, the entire organ consisting of a more homogeneous grayish-white glandular tissue, distinctly granular on section, and resembling the section of a salivary gland. Note size of ducts, presence of secretion (colostrum or milk) on pressure, congestion, œdema, abscess, fistula, caseous tubercles or gummata, cysts (milk, “soap,” “butter,” senile, new growths), neoplasms, atrophy, hypoplasia, hypertrophy, accessory nipples, parasites (echinococcus). The most common tumors are adenofibromata and carcinomata. Tuberculosis is not rare. In the male breast hypertrophy has been noted in association with malignant chorio-epithelioma of the testis; and in the female with pseudopregnancy and tumors of the genital tract. Adenofibroma, gumma and tuberculosis are the most common conditions of the mammæ in males.