Evidences of healed tuberculosis are found in practically all adult lungs in the form of localized thickenings or puckering of the pleura, especially at the apices, hyaline or anthracotic nodules, encapsulated, caseous or calcified tubercles. Old scars and indurations are firm, hard and usually black in color. Caseous areas are smooth, dry, white or grayish, and opaque. Very young tubercles are elevated, grayish and translucent. Atelectatic areas are depressed and bluish-red in color. Areas of hepatization are red or gray, elevated, granular, crumbling, moist in early stage, dry in caseous hepatization. In bronchopneumonia the areas of hepatization are usually sharply circumscribed. Metastatic abscesses lie usually beneath the pleura, are usually multiple and distributed over both lungs. Bronchopneumonic areas are usually found in the dependent portions, particularly in right lung. An abundance of foamy, watery fluid on the cut-surface indicates œdema; when very bloody there is usually a marked stasis or beginning hepatization present. In atelectasis and fibrinous hepatization the exudate from the surface is not foamy. Emphysematous areas are white or grayish-white and are most frequently found along the borders. Large air-spaces are often found along the interlobular septa (interstitial emphysema), particularly in children following trauma, croup, whooping-cough, etc. In chronic passive congestion the lung is firmer than normal, deep-red or brownish in color. Hemorrhagic infarcts lie usually beneath the pleura, are wedge-shaped, with base toward pleura, firm, smooth on section, or granular, and when fresh are nearly black; older ones are lighter and brownish. Cavities in the lung occur in tuberculosis, embolic and primary abscesses, actinomycosis, gangrene, bronchiectasis, primary and secondary tumors, etc. Gangrenous areas have diffuse borders, are gray or greenish in color, with central softened areas, with ragged borders and stinking smell. In bronchiectatic cavities the smooth mucosa of the bronchus passes directly into the wall of the cavity. Primary carcinomata of the lungs appear as cavities having a white medullary wall, or as medullary strands running along the bronchi. Tuberculous cavities have caseous walls, are more or less encapsulated, and usually show younger tubercles in the neighborhood of the wall. Antemortem hypostasis is usually darker and firmer than postmortem, and is usually associated with inflammation (hypostatic pneumonia).