distinct in atrophy and chronic hyperplasias. In anthracosis of the spleen black granules are seen in the pulp, particularly about the trabeculæ. Tubercles appear as grayish-white, semitranslucent nodules, elevated above the surface, and can be scraped out with the knife-point. When caseation has begun their centres are opaque and yellowish. Gummata are grayish-white, with opaque centers, and have a periphery of vascular granulation-tissue or hyaline scar-tissue. The most important pathologic conditions of the spleen are: acute and chronic passive hyperæmia, embolic infarctions, abscess, acute and chronic hyperplasias (typhoid, malaria, plague, pneumonia, septicæmia, leukæmia, pseudoleukæmia, splenic anæmia, hepatic cirrhosis, syphilis, Kala-azar, other forms of tropical splenomegaly, tuberculosis, rachitis, idiopathic splenomegaly of the Gaucher type, etc.), wandering spleen, absence of spleen, amyloid disease, atrophy, syphilis, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, traumatic rupture, cysts (peritoneal), neoplasms (primary are rare [angioma, angiosarcoma, fibroma, chondroma, osteoma, lymphangioma, endothelioma]; secondary sarcoma [chiefly lymphosarcoma and melanosarcoma] and carcinoma are also infrequent; secondaries of malignant syncytioma are more frequently found), parasites (echinococcus, cysticercus and pentastomum). 3. =Intestines.= In the examination of the _large intestine_, _appendix_ (average length about 9 cms.), _small intestine_ and _duodenum_ note the _contents_ of the various portions with respect to amount, color, odor, consistence, presence or absence of bile, food-remains, parasites, foreign-bodies, blood, pus, concretions, etc. Note _character of wall_, _size of lumen_, _color_ (normally gray) and _character of mucosa_, _folds_ and _villi_, _solitary follicles_, _Peyer’s patches_, _mouths of bile-duct_ and _pancreatic ducts_, _ileocæcal valve_ and _opening into appendix_. Postmortem digestion of the mucosa, often leading to perforations, postmortem hypostasis, imbibition of bile, pseudomelanosis, and contractions of portions of the bowel must not be mistaken for pathologic conditions. Redness of a portion of the intestine does not in itself mean inflammation; the latter condition is shown by excess of mucus, swelling of the mucosa, hyperplasia of the follicles, hæmorrhage, etc. The contents of the small intestine are usually gruel-like in consistence, thinner in the upper part, thicker toward the ileocæcal valve. The _hook-worm_, _ascaris lumbricoides_ and _intestinal trichina_ occur in the duodenum; _tænia solium_, _saginata_ and the _bothriocephalus latus_ in the jejunum and ileum, _tricocephalus dispar_ in the cæcum, and _oxyuris vermicularis_ in the large intestine and rectum. _Ulcers_ of the intestine may be due to typhoid fever, tuberculosis, carcinoma, dysentery, embolism or thrombosis of mesentery vessels, etc. Diphtheritic ulcers are caused by a variety of infections and poisons. They are usually found in the