large intestine, but occasionally occur in the small intestine in cases of uræmia. Typhoid ulcers usually have their longest diameter parallel with the longitudinal axis of the intestine; tuberculous and carcinomatous ulcers usually encircle the intestine, forming “ring ulcers;” diphtheritic and dysenteric ulcers are irregular, involving the surfaces of the folds. Solitary round or peptic ulcers occur in the duodenum and jejunum. Decubital ulcers, associated with fécal concretions, gall-stones or foreign-bodies are found in appendix and rectum most commonly, more rarely in other portions of the intestines. _Perforations_ of the intestines may be traumatic, or due to infections (typhoid, tuberculous, purulent, dysenteric, etc.), neoplasms (carcinoma), embolic gangrene, ileus, fécal impaction, erosion of calculus or foreign-body, parasites (round-worm?), over-distention, etc. The most important pathologic conditions of the intestines are: anomalies (atresia, diverticulum, stenosis, dilatation, hernia), acute and chronic passive congestion, hæmorrhage, stasis, embolism and thrombosis, hæmorrhagic infarction, gangrene, traumatic injuries, ileus, volvulus, strangulated hernia, enteritis (catarrhal, follicular, hyperplastica, cystica, purulent, ulcerative, croupous, diphtheritic, dysentery, cholera, typhoid, etc.), appendicitis (catarrhal, ulcerative, perforative, obliterative), tuberculosis, syphilis (chiefly in rectum, ulcers, stenosis and perforations), actinomycosis, anthrax, intestinal sand, concretions, foreign-bodies, and neoplasms (primary carcinoma the most important [adenocarcinoma, colloid, scirrhous, medullary, etc.], most frequent in large intestine and rectum, secondary carcinoma is rare; adenomatous polypi are common, particularly in rectum; primary sarcomata [lymphosarcoma chiefly] are much less common than carcinoma, secondary sarcoma more common than primary [melanotic sarcoma, lymphosarcoma]. Benign connective-tissue tumors [lipoma, fibroma and myoma] are relatively rare. Primary carcinoma and sarcoma occur in the appendix, as well as secondary carcinoma). Leukæmic infiltration is common in leukæmia. 4. =Bile-passages.= Note patency, character of mouth, contents, etc. The most important conditions are inflammation, gall-stones, obstruction, stenosis, dilatation, perforation, carcinoma, and anomalies (in the new-born). Round-worms may obtain entrance and block the duct.