7. =Liver.= Weight 1,500 grms.; measures 22 cm. sagittally, 30 cm. transversely and 8 cm. thick. A dimension of over 30 cm. is enlarged; when all dimensions are under 20 cm. the liver is smaller than normal. Note _size_ (enlarged in congestion, cloudy swelling, fatty infiltrations, leukæmia, neoplasms; smaller in atrophy, acute yellow atrophy, cirrhosis), _changes of form_ (congenital furrows, deep furrows with thickened capsule in syphilis, fine or coarse granulations and contractions in cirrhosis, edge rounded in fatty and amyloid liver, sharper in atrophy, capsule wrinkled in acute yellow atrophy), _capsule_ (normally smooth and transparent; thickened, white, and opaque in chronic inflammation, the thickening being usually most pronounced along the ligaments, blood- and lymph-vessels. Small, hyaline nodules or patches may be scattered over the capsule, or the entire capsule may be tendon-like [“iced” or “Zuckerguss-leber”]. Adhesions with diaphragm, stomach, omentum, spleen, intestine and abdominal wall may occur. Fibrinous and purulent exudates may be found on the capsule, particularly on the diaphragmatic surface; when encapsulated by adhesions they form the so-called subdiaphragmatic abscess), _consistence_ (increased in fat-infiltration, cirrhosis, atrophy and amyloid; diminished in acute parenchymatous degenerations, leukæmia, acute yellow atrophy, acute congestion; fluctuation is present over abscesses, echinococcus cysts and softened tumors), _color_ (normally brown-red; dark-brown in atrophy, dark red or bluish-red in passive congestion, “nutmeg” appearance in chronic passive congestion, chocolate-brown in hæmosiderosis, greenish in chronic icterus, yellow in acute icterus, fatty liver, leukæmia and anæmia, grayish-white or yellow in cloudy swelling and fatty degeneration; sharply circumscribed dark bluish-red areas are caused by cavernous angiomata), _cut-surface_ (normally smooth and of uniform color, blood-content abundant, before the age of puberty lobules are seen with difficulty; in adults they are recognizable from their yellowish-brown periphery and red central zones. They are about 1-2 mm. long by 1-1.5 mm. broad. Note size of lobule, color of central, intermediate and peripheral zones, distinctness of boundary of lobules, elevation of lobules above surface. Lobules are elevated in fatty infiltration and in cirrhosis, depressed in atrophy. In acute yellow atrophy they cannot be made out. Fatty infiltration begins usually in the peripheral portion of the lobules, fatty degeneration in the central zone, amyloid in the intermediate zone, hæmosiderin is found in the peripheral and hæmatoidin in the central zone. In extreme fatty infiltration affecting the entire lobule the outlines of the lobules cannot be made out. The normally shining surface is dull, cloudy, appearing as if cooked in cloudy swelling and fatty degeneration). Note amount of stroma; it is increased in cirrhosis, so that the lobules may be