entirely surrounded by connective-tissue, or the connective tissue may invade the lobules. Note also size and contents of hepatic and portal blood-vessels and bile-ducts. The most important pathologic conditions of the liver are acute and chronic passive congestion, thrombosis of portal veins, atrophy (simple and brown), fatty infiltration, cloudy swelling, fatty degeneration, acute yellow or red atrophy, amyloid, phosphorus-liver, abscess (metastatic, tropical, purulent cholangitis), cirrhosis (Lænnec’s or atrophic, Hanot’s or hypertrophic, fatty, biliary, cardiac), pericarditic pseudocirrhosis, tuberculosis, syphilis (very common: gummata, interstitial hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepar lobatum), actinomycosis, leukæmic infiltrations, glycogen infiltration (diabetes), pigmentations (hæmosiderosis in pernicious anæmia, malaria, hæmolytic poisons, etc., hæmatoidin in atrophy, bile-pigment in icterus, anthracosis, argyrosis, malaria pigment, melanin), neoplasms (most common tumor is the cavernous angioma, usually in old people, rarely of clinical significance; primary carcinoma and sarcoma rare; secondary very common [melanotic sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, metastases from carcinoma of gall-bladder and duct, stomach, pancreas and intestine, metastases of malignant syncytioma], adenoma and cystadenoma are rare), cysts, congenital cystic liver, parasites (echinococcus hydatidosus, granulosis and multilocularis, cysticercus, distomum hepaticum, pentastomum denticulatum, coccidium oviforme). 8. =Gall-bladder.= Note _size_ (length 8-17 cm., diameter 3 cm., thickness of wall 1-2 mm.), _amount_ and _character of contents_ (clear and watery in hydrops, seropurulent or purulent in inflammation, excess of mucus in catarrhal inflammation), calculi, bile-sand, thickening and indurations of wall, œdema, character of mucosa, carcinoma (adenocarcinoma, squamous-celled). Note size, contents, thickness of wall and character of mucosa of ducts. 9. =Portal Vein.= Note contents, character of wall, occurrence of stenosis, thrombosis, pylephlebitis, thrombopylephlebitis, syphilitic changes, calcification, pressure from without. 10. =Mesentery.= Amount of fat, color, condition of vessels, blood-content, occurrence of œdema, inflammation, abscesses, hæmorrhages, infarction, gangrene, fat-necrosis, aneurism, embolism, thrombosis, cysts, parasites (bilharzia hæmatobia), tumor-infiltrations and primary tumors (lipoma). 11. =Mesenteric Glands.= Size, appearance on section (rose-red in acute inflammation, grayish-white in chronic), occurrence of tubercles, secondary tumors, calcification, abscesses, pigmentation, typhoid necrosis, primary lymphosarcoma, leukæmic hyperplasia, Hodgkin’s, etc.