12. =Adrenals.= Weight 4-7.5 grms. measurements are 5-6 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, 0.5-1 cm. thick. Normally the consistence is firm; it is increased in amyloid degeneration, tuberculosis, syphilis, fibroid induration and atrophy; diminished in hæmorrhage, soft caseating tubercles, degenerating tumors. Postmortem autolysis of the medulla takes place very quickly, the cortical portion remaining as a hollow capsule. On section note the relations of the grayish-white cortex (more yellow and opaque in adults from the amount of fat contained in the cells), the intermediate brown zone and the central grayish, translucent portion of the medulla. The most important pathologic conditions are tuberculosis, syphilis, atrophy, compensatory hypertrophy, hæmorrhage, infarction, thrombosis of adrenal vessels, secondary tumors (melanotic sarcoma, carcinoma), primary neoplasms (hypernephroma, accessory adrenals typical and atypical, lipoma, glioma, neuroma, sarcoma), parasites (echinococcus). 13. =Kidneys.= Right kidney weighs 110-145 grms., and measures 10-12 cm. long, 4.5-5.0 cm. broad, and 3-4.5 cm. thick. Left kidney weighs 150-180 grms. and measures 12 cm. long, 5-6 cm. broad, 3-4.5 cm. thick. The left kidney is usually larger and heavier than the right. Note position and movability of kidneys, thickness and color of fatty capsule (increased in lipomatosis, atrophy of kidney), purulent infiltrations and fibroid thickenings of the perirenal fat. Normally the fibrous capsule is thin and translucent, easily stripped off, the inner layer remaining attached around the blood-vessels passing from capsule into cortex. The capsule is adherent in chronic inflammations and over healed infarcts and localized inflammatory processes, tubercles, tumor-nodules, etc. Note alterations in _shape_ and _size_ (“horse-shoe kidney,” “hog-back,” round, fœtal lobulations, fissures; enlarged in acute parenchymatous nephritis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, chronic passive congestion, etc.; diminished in atrophy, chronic interstitial nephritis, etc.). _Character of cortical surface_ (normally smooth, grayish-brown in color; a fine or coarse, regular or irregular granulation of the surface occurs in chronic nephritis, the elevations corresponding to the preserved portions of the parenchyma, the depressed portions to the areas of connective-tissue increase; localized depressions or fissures may be caused by old or recent scars of infarcts, abscesses, rupture, etc. Distinguish fœtal furrows from pathologic depressions. Flat, puckered or radiating scars point to syphilis. Elevations of the surface may be due to fresh infarcts, tubercles, abscesses, neoplasms, etc. Accessory adrenal tissue (resembles adipose tissue) and small papillary adenomata are very common on the cortical surface. Retention- and degeneration-cysts are also very common, particularly in the kidneys of adults). In atrophic kidneys the glomeruli can be seen through the cortical surface. Note condition