7. =Urethra.= Mucosa should be grayish-red, smooth, shining and transparent. The most common and important pathologic condition is gonorrhœa (acute, chronic, anterior, posterior, erosions, ulcers, abscesses, perforation, stricture, periurethral abscess, cavernitis, etc.). Non-gonorrhœal urethritis is rare (colon- and influenza-bacillus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, etc.). Trauma (crushing, laceration, perforation, urine-infiltration, hæmorrhage, periurethral abscess, phlegmon, gangrene, stricture, urinary fistula, etc.), soft chancre, hard chancre, secondary and tertiary syphilitic lesions (gumma), tuberculosis (lupus), leprosy and neoplasms (rare: adenoma, carcinoma, melanotic and round-cell sarcomata [lymphosarcoma], fibroma, angioma) may occur. The most common anomalies are hypospadias and epispadias. 8. =Bladder.= _Size_, _degree of distention_, _amount_ and _character of contents_, _character_ and _color of mucosa_ (normally gray-red, smooth and transparent), _muscle-coats_ (hypertrophic, atrophic). The most common pathologic conditions are: anomalies (ectopia, ecstrophia, vesica bipartita, vesica bilocularis, diverticula), congestion, œdema, cystitis (acute and chronic catarrh, cystitis granulosa, cystica, purulent, phlegmonous, diphtheritic, emphysematous, interstitial, peri- and paracystitis, erosions, ulcers, gangrene, malakoplakia), tuberculosis, dilatation, trauma (rupture, perforation, fistula), neoplasms (papillary fibro-epithelioma, carcinoma, adenoma, myxoma, myoma, rhabdomyoma, angioma cavernosum, sarcoma, dermoids, secondary carcinoma [usually from prostate], and sarcoma [melanotic sarcoma]), concretions (urates, uric acid, oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, cystin and xanthin), and parasites (filaria sanguinis, distomum hæmatobium, echinococcus, trichomonas, ascaris and oxyuris). =II. FEMALE PELVIS.= =1. Rectum.= Note same things as given above for the examination of the rectum in the male. Gonorrhœa, stricture due to syphilis and traumatic fistula (due to child-birth) are more common in the female. 2. =Vulva.= The most important pathologic conditions are: congestion, œdema, hæmorrhage, hæmatoma, trauma (laceration), vulvitis (catarrhal, gonorrhœal, chronic, diphtheritic, gangrenous, phlegmonous, ulcerative, abscess), erythema, eczema, herpes, acne, furunculosis, pruritus, kraurosis vulvæ, leukoplakia, Bartholinitis, retention-cysts, cysts of the glands of Bartholin, hydrocele muliebris, syphilis (primary, secondary and tertiary lesions), tuberculosis (lupus), elephantiasis, condylomata, neoplasms (lipoma, fibroma, lymphangioma, papilloma, fibromyxoma, fibromyoma, chondroma, neuroma, carcinoma [usually very malignant in type], sarcoma [rare] and metastatic tumors [very rare]). 3. =Urethra.= Same conditions as noted above for the male. Small polypoid granulomata (caruncles) are very common; usually gonorrhœal in origin. Primary carcinoma is more common in the male.