4. =Bladder.= Note same conditions as given above. Rectovesical and vesicovaginal fistulas are not rare as the result of child-birth. Secondary carcinoma is more common than in the male (from uterus and cervix), primary carcinoma more rare. Ascaris and oxyuris may enter bladder from vagina through a rectal fistula. 5. =Vagina.= Note size (about 5-8 cm. long), contents (foreign bodies, pus, blood, etc.), color of membrane, condition of rugæ, hymen, etc. The color of the mucosa varies from a delicate rosy red to a bluish purple in the late stages of pregnancy. The most important conditions are: colpitis (acute and chronic, catarrhal, diphtheritic, gangrenous, emphysematous, granular, nodular, adhæsiva, exfoliativa, vetularum, ulcerative; gonorrhœa the chief cause; also caused by mercuric chloride and other poisons; occurs also in cholera, typhoid fever, variola, scarlatina, diphtheria and other infections), ulcers, abscesses, erosions, strictures, varices, prolapse, atresia, trauma (lacerations, rupture, hæmatoma, fistula), tuberculosis (rare), syphilis (primary less common than on vulva, secondary lesions common, gumma rare), thrush, cysts (retention, remains of Müllerian and Wolffian ducts, gas-cysts), neoplasms (papillary fibro-epithelioma, fibroma, myxoma, myoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, myxosarcoma), carcinoma (primary rare, secondary relatively common, particularly of malignant chorio-epithelioma; primary ectopic chorio-epithelial tumors occur in vagina also), and parasites (trichomonas vaginalis, oxyuris vermicularis). Note particularly condition of hymen.