Look for traces of _vernix cascosa_. The _skin_ of the well-nourished, full-term, new-born is smooth, not wrinkled, white or grayish-red rather than red in color (a slight icteric tint is so common as to be regarded as normal), and showing the fine _lanugo hair_ only on the shoulders. The _hair_ of the scalp averages 2-3 cm. in length. The _finger-nails_ are firm, horny and extend beyond the finger-tips. The subcutaneous panniculus should be abundant. The average length of the _umbilical cord_ is about 50 cm., and it is inserted about the middle of the body or just below it. As a rule it is thrown off on about the 5-6th day. The _cartilages of the nose and ears_ are firm. In male infants the _testicles_ lie in the firm and wrinkled scrotum (they begin to descend in the seventh month); in the female the outer _labia_ usually meet, but occasionally the inner ones are visible. In the seventh and eighth months the _clitoris_ rises above the greater labia. A small amount of blood-stained discharge is often present in the vagina of the new-born. From the _mammæ_ of both male and female new-born a whitish turbid fluid (“Hexenmilch”) can usually be expressed. The _great fontanel_ is 2-2.5 cm. broad, while the posterior one is nearly closed. The _pupillary membrane_ is absent after the eighth month. The _ductus arteriosus_ remains open 4-5 days after birth; the _foramen ovale_ is not completely closed until the second or third month of extra-uterine life, although by the tenth day the opening is nearly obliterated. The _center of ossification_ in the lower epiphysis of the femur should be present and measure 2-9 mm. It is not present in the eighth month and in a large proportion of cases begins to develop in the ninth month. Only rarely is it absent in normal full-term infants. It appears in the bluish-white cartilage as a lenticular mass of red or reddish-brown color in which the blood-vessels can be easily seen. It may be absent in congenital rachitis or syphilis, or in the latter disease it may show the characteristic appearance of osteochondritis syphilitica.