The head should be examined for the presence of the “_head-tumor_” or “_caput succedaneum_,” the œdematous swelling of the scalp over the parietal eminences. Minute hæmorrhages may be present in the tissues. The tumor usually grows smaller or disappears within 12-48 hours. In difficult labors a _hœmatoma neonatorum_ may be produced between the periosteum and bone, usually over the right parietal eminence. It appears as a circumscribed tumor which may increase after birth and persists for a long time. As the result of a periostitis ossificans a wall of bone may be formed about the extravasate, or it may be encapsulated with small bony plates. After the absorption of the extravasate the newly-formed bone may persist throughout life in the form of a “crater-like” or “coral island” elevated circle of bone. Infection of the hæmatoma not infrequently leads to the formation of a subperiosteal abscess, purulent infiltration of the cranial bone and purulent meningitis. The cranium should also be carefully examined for other evidences of conditions due to the mechanism of birth, such as the general shape of the head, condition of sutures, movability of the cranial bones, depressions, over-lapping, etc., of the cranial bones. Wounds of the scalp and face should be carefully noted. The circumference of the _cranium_ is 34.5 cm., sagittal diameter 10-13.5 cm., transverse 8-9.5 cm., diagonal 12-14 cm. The _brain_ of the infant is normally rosy-red in color, rather translucent, soft, almost jelly-like, and moist. Tearing of the pial veins or meningeal arteries during delivery may produce fatal meningeal hæmorrhages. The _weights_ of the internal organs are: brain 380 grms., thymus 7-10 grms., heart 20.6 grms., lungs 58 grms., spleen 11.1 grms., kidneys together 23.6 grms., testicle 0.8 grm., liver 118 grms. The _mature placenta_ weighs about 500 grms., and measures 15-20 cm. in diameter, 3 cm. thick in the middle and 0.5-1 cm. thick at the edge.