29. =Panniculus.= The subcutaneous panniculus is estimated by pinching up a fold of skin between the thumb and fingers of the right hand and the thickness determined. The amount is described as panniculus abundant, moderate, absent, etc. Estimates should be made of panniculus of upper extremities, thorax, abdomen, back and lower extremities. Pathologic conditions, such as general obesity, adiposis dolorosa, multiple lipomata, elephantiasis lipomatosa, fatty collar, etc., should be described in full. 30. =Oedema.= At the same time that the panniculus is being examined, the presence or absence of œdema (pitting on pressure) should be noted in the same regions. When present it may be described as slight, moderate, marked, extreme, localized, universal, etc. _Emphysema_ of the subcutaneous tissue is shown by the presence of elastic swellings of the skin, not pitting on pressure, but giving a crepitation when palpated. 31. =Body Heat.= The absence or presence of the body heat is of great importance in giving some idea as to the relative length of time the body has been dead. The nose, ears and extremities first become cool, the liver region retaining the heat longest. The rate of cooling depends upon the external temperature and the conditions of the body. Nude bodies, cadavers exposed to water and cold, and bodies that have suffered severe hemorrhages lose their heat more rapidly. Under ordinary conditions the rectal temperature is the same as that of the surroundings in about forty hours. During the formation of the rigor there may be a slight increase in the temperature of the cadaver. An increase above the normal temperature has also been noted in the dead body immediately after death from tetanus, cholera, small-pox, peritonitis, electric currents, suffocation, gangrene, etc.