the outer border of the corpus striatum is severed from the stem as far as the anterior end of the upper border of the island, which bends downward into the anterior border. The peduncle of the fornix with the pedicle of the septum and the lamina of the knee of the corpus callosum are severed close above the anterior commissure, and the knife following the anterior border of the island is carried downward from the head of the corpus striatum. The remaining connections between the frontal lobes and stem are put on a moderate stretch and the incision is completed by bringing the knife back into the first cut made from the opposite direction parallel with the orbital surface over the upper surface of the stem. The three arms of the cerebellum are then severed and the brain-stem, consisting of the island of Reil, the basal ganglia, crura, pons, medulla and cerebellum, is completely freed and lifted out of the mantle. A combination of the Meynert and Virchow methods is used by many. The lateral ventricles are opened and an incision made along the fornix into the descending horn. The stem-ganglia are then cut out and brain-mantle and stem separated. The hemispheres are then cut by frontal sections made from the anterior end as far as the central convolutions. From the central convolutions backward horizontal sections are then made; the series of sections are numbered in order and fixed and hardened for microscopic examination. It is evident that the section of the brain can be modified to meet the individual requirements, according to the nature, location and extent of the lesion and the character of the study to be made of the latter. The brain may be fixed and hardened either before or after sectioning. [Illustration: FIG. 31.—Base of cranium, after removal of brain. (After Nauwerck.)]