17. =Hypophysis.= Cysts are common, also calcareous concretions. Adenomatous hyperplasia is the most common tumor (acromegaly, obesity). Carcinoma, sarcoma, lipoma and teratoma are rare. Gumma and tubercle occasionally occur; even when the gland is wholly destroyed, acromegaly does not result. Epithelial tumors of the infundibulum may occur in association with hypoplasia of the genitals. In diseases of the thyroid the condition of the hypophysis should be especially considered. 18. =Basal Sinuses.= Note contents (marantic and infective thrombi), especially in middle-ear disease and meningitis. Distinguish postmortem clots from thrombi, the former being dark-red, soft and moist, and are not adherent to the walls. The walls of the sinus should be gray, delicate, and shining. 19. =Basal Dura.= Note same conditions as in dura covering convexity. 20. =Cranial Nerves.= Examine and trace to exits. Note atrophy, degenerations, compression, indurations, thickenings, neoplasms (neuroma), etc. 21. =Base of Skull.= After the removal of the basal dura the bones of the base should be smooth and gray-yellowish-red in color. Look for fractures, caries, roughened areas, exostoses, collections of pus, hemorrhage, neoplasms, etc. The most important pathologic conditions of the brain are congenital defects or malformations (hydrocephalus, microcephalus, etc.), anæmia, hyperæmia, œdema, hemorrhage (traumatic, spontaneous, capillary, apoplexy), embolism, thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, aneurism, anæmic infarction, encephalomalacia (white, yellow and red softening), pigmented scars, atrophy, secondary degeneration, encephalitis, (non-purulent, purulent, hemorrhagic, syphilitic, metastatic, chronic), sclerosis (diffuse, disseminated, focal, hypertrophic), tuberculosis, syphilis, actinomycosis, blastomycosis, rabies, primary neoplasms (glioma, neuroglioma ganglionare, angiosarcoma, spindle-cell sarcoma, polymorphous-cell sarcoma, perithelioma, endothelioma, angioma, myxoma, fibroma, osteoma, teratoma, lipoma), primary epithelial tumors of ventricles, pineal gland and hypophysis (adenoma, cholesteatoma, papillary epithelioma, carcinoma), metastatic tumors (all forms of carcinoma and sarcoma, malignant chorio-epithelioma), cysts, parasites (cysticercus, echinococcus) and traumatic lesions (commotio cerebri, contusio cerebri, hemorrhage, red softening, puncture and shot-wounds, infected wounds, traumatic abscess). Especial examination of the brain should be made in all cases of acromegaly, epilepsy, cretinism, congenital idiocy, degeneracy, criminal tendency, insanity, chorea, caisson disease, locomotor ataxia, paralysis agitans, syringomyelia, spastic paralysis, infantile paralysis, hereditary ataxia, rabies, all forms of paralysis, motor or sensory disturbances and neuritis. 3. POINTS TO BE NOTED IN EXAMINATION OF EYE.