The fat-tissue in the orbits should be yellowish-white; from it the red muscles and the white nerves should be easily distinguishable. On section of the eye-ball the vitreous normally is clear and the retina uniformly grayish-black and smooth. The most common and important conditions to be looked for are phlegmonous inflammations, purulent panophthalmitis, orbital hemorrhage, thrombosis of ophthalmic vein and sinus cavernosus leading to pachy- and leptomeningitis, neoplasms of orbit, wall of orbit, eye-ball or lachrymal gland (melanosarcoma, glioma, gliosarcoma, neuroepithelioma, various forms of sarcoma, angioma, lipoma, adenoma, carcinoma), affections of individual muscles (myositis, atrophy), atrophy of optic nerve, choked disk, retinitis, choroiditis, iritis, glaucoma, etc. 4. POINTS TO BE NOTED IN EXAMINATION OF EAR. Note condition of scalp (hyperæmia, œdema, hemorrhage) about ear, condition of external canal (dry, moist, character of contents), condition of periosteum, particularly over the mastoid process (normally grayish-red), condition of bone after removal of periosteum (normally smooth). Inflammatory œdema, purulent infiltrations in the soft parts, collections of pus beneath the periosteum, roughness of bone beneath elevated periosteum, presence of pus or blood in external auditory canal, perforations of drum, etc., should be noted. Normally the drum should be grayish-white and shining. Note contents of middle ear, Eustachian tube, condition of ossicles, mastoid cells and bone. Lining of middle ear should be grayish-red and smooth; the cut edges of bone should be uniformly grayish-red. When infiltrated with pus they are brown or greenish. The mucous membrane is deep-red or greenish in purulent inflammation; yellow, creamy pus, often of very offensive odor, may be found in middle ear, Eustachian tube or external canal. Note character of perforations; old ones have smooth and thickened edges. The most important pathologic conditions are: otitis media purulenta, inflammation of mastoid cells, caries of mastoid process, sinus-thrombosis (leading to meningitis or pyæmia), otitis media tuberculosa, granulomatous polypi, cholesteatoma, sclerosis, congenital anomalies, foreign bodies, parasites, neoplasms (chiefly of external ear). 5. POINTS TO BE NOTED IN EXAMINATION OF NOSE.