PRAGMATISM By D.L. MURRAY WITH A PREFACE BY DR. F.C.S. SCHILLER PHILOSOPHIES ANCIENT AND MODERN PRAGMATISM CONTENTS PREFACE BY DR. F.C.S. SCHILLER I. THE GENESIS OF PRAGMATISM II. THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY III. WILL IN COGNITION IV. THE DILEMMAS OF DOGMATISM V. THE PROBLEM OF TRUTH AND ERROR VI. THE FAILURE OF FORMAL LOGIC VII. THE BANKRUPTCY OF INTELLECTUALISM VIII. THOUGHT AND LIFE BIBLIOGRAPHY PREFACE Mr. Murray's youthful modesty insists that his study of Pragmatism needs a sponsor; this is not at all my own opinion, but I may take the opportunity of pointing out how singularly qualified he is to give a good account of it. In the first place he is young, and youth is an almost indispensable qualification for the appreciation of novelty; for the mind works more and more stiffly as it grows older, and becomes less and less capable of absorbing what is new. Hence, if our 'great authorities' lived for ever, they would become complete _Struldbrugs_. This is the justification of death from the standpoint of social progress. And as there is no subject in which _Struldbruggery_ is more rampant than in philosophy, a youthful and nimble mind is here particularly needed. It has given Mr. Murray an eye also to the varieties of Pragmatism and to their connections. Secondly, Mr. Murray has (like myself) enjoyed the advantage of a severely intellectualistic training in the classical philosophy of Oxford University, and in its premier college, Balliol. The aim of this training is to instil into the best minds the country produces an adamantine conviction that philosophy has made no progress since Aristotle. It costs about £50,000 a year, but on the whole it is singularly successful. Its effect upon capable minds possessed of common sense is to produce that contempt for pure intellect which distinguishes the British nation from all others, and ensures the practical success of administrators selected by an examination so gloriously irrelevant to their future duties that, since the lamentable demise of the Chinese system, it may boast to be the most antiquated in the world. In minds, however, which are more prone to theorizing, but at the same time clear-headed, this training produces a keenness of insight into the defects of intellectualism and a perception of the _intellectual necessity_ of Pragmatism which can probably be reached in no other way. Mr. Murray, therefore, is quite right in emphasizing, above all, the services of Pragmatism as a rigorously critical theory of knowledge, and in refuting the amiable delusion of many pedants that Pragmatism is merely an emotional revolt against the rigors of Logic. It is essentially a reform of Logic, which protests against a Logic that has become so formal as to abstract from meaning altogether.