complete philosophy must serve as a “dynamic” to human endeavour and to human motive. [80] See the reference to Windelband in the footnote upon p. 150. [81] I am thinking of Münsterberg’s contention in his _Grundzüge_ and his other books, that the life of actual persons can never be adequately described by the objective sciences, by psycho-physics, and so on, and of his apparent acceptance of the distinction of Rickert between the “descriptive” and the “normative” sciences (logic, ethics, aesthetics, and so on). [82] The leaders of this school are the two influential thinkers and teachers Cohen and Natorp, the former the author of a well-known book upon Kant’s _Theory of Experience_ (1871), formerly much used by English and American students, and the latter the author of an equally famous book upon Plato’s _Theory of Ideas_, which makes an interesting attempt to connect Plato’s “Ideas” with the modern notion of the law of a phenomenon. Cohen has given forth recently an important development of the Kantian philosophy in his two remarkable books upon the _Logic of Pure Knowledge_ and the _Ethic of the Pure Will_. These works exercise a great influence upon the entire liberal (Protestant and Jewish) thought of the time in Germany. They teach a lofty spiritualism and idealism in the realm of ethics, which transcends altogether anything as yet attempted in this direction by Pragmatism. [83] See the instructive reports to the _Philosophical Review_ by Dr. Ewald of Vienna upon Contemporary Philosophy in Germany. In the 1907 volume he speaks of this renewed interest, “on a new basis,” in the work of the great founders of transcendentalism as an “important movement partly within and partly outside of Neo-Kantianism,” as “a movement heralded by some and derided by others as a reaction,” as the “fulfilment of a prophecy by von Hartmann that after Kant we should have Fichte, and after Fichte, Schelling and Hegel.” The renewed interest in Schelling, and with it the revival of an interest in university courses in the subject of the Philosophy of Nature (see the recent work of Driesch upon the _Science and Philosophy of the Organism_) is all part of the recent reaction in Germany against Positivism. [84] We may associate, I suppose, the new German journal _Logos_, an international periodical for the “Philosophie der Kultur,” with the same movement. [85] See Chapter VII. upon “Pragmatism as Americanism.” [86] See an article in the _Critical Review_ (edited by the late Professor Salmond, of Aberdeen), by the author upon “Recent Tendencies in American Philosophy.” The year, I think, was either 1904 or 1905. [87] See p. 180.