CHAPTER XIV. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILISATION. The Toltecs—Ixtlilxochitl—The Aztecs—American Architecture—Aztalan—The Valley of Mexico—Montezuma’s Capital—Its Vanished Splendour—Mexican Calendar—The Calendar Stone—Mexican Deities—Toltec Civilisation—Race Elements—The Toltec Capital—Tezcucan Palaces—Their Modern Vestiges—Quetzalcoatl—The Pyramid of Cholula—The Sacred City—The Moqui Indians—The Holy City of Peru—Worship of the Sun—Astronomical Knowledge—Agriculture—The Llama—Woven Textures—Science and Art—Native Institutions—Metallurgy—Origin of the Mexicans—Mingling of Races, 324 CHAPTER XV. ART CHRONICLINGS. Imitative Skill—Archaic European Art—Conventional Ornamentation—Imitative Design—Analogies in Rites and Customs—Altar Records—Smelting the Ores—Wisconsin Prairie Lands—The Race of the Mounds—Mound Carvings—Portrait Sculptures—American Iconography—Deductions—Non-Indian Type—Other Examples—Antique Iconographic Art—Peculiar Imitative Skill—Animals represented—Extensive Geographical Relations—Knowledge of Tropical Fauna—Deductions—The Toucan and Manatee—Traces of Migration—Assumed Indications—Analogous Sculptures—Peruvian Imitative Skill—Carved Stone Mortars—Nicotian Religious Rites—Indian Legends—The Red Pipe-stone Quarry—The Leaping Rock—Mandan Traditions—Sioux Legend of the Peace Pipe—The Sacred Coca Plant—Knisteneaux Legend of the Deluge—Indications of Former Migrations—Favourite Material—Pwahguneka—Chimpseyan Customs—Chimpseyan Art—Babcen Carving—The Medicine Pipe-stem—Indian Expiatory Sacrifices—Nicotian Rites of Divination, 355 I L L U S T R A T I O N S